Surveillance of adenoviruses and noroviruses in European recreational waters

Wyn-Jones, A. P.; Carducci, Annalaura; Cook, Nigel; D’Agostino, Martin; Divizia, M; Fleischer, Jens; Gantzer, Christophe; Gawler, Andrew; Gironés, Rosina; Höller, Christiane; Husman, Ana Maria de Roda; Kay, David; Kozyra, Iwona; López-Pila, J. M.; Muscillo, Michele; Nascimento, María Säo José; Papageorgiou, George; Rutjes, Saskia A.; Sellwood, Jane; Szewzyk, Regine; Wyer, Mark D.

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.015

Cited by 238 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…No JCPyV was detected in marine samples collected in winter. The lower frequency of HAdV and JCPyV in seawater was consistent with other studies that suggested marine dispersion, dilution and disinfection due to the high salinity may be the cause of the low concentrations reported (Hawley and Garver, 2008;Wyn-jones et al, 2010).…”

Section: Occurrence Of Viral Pathogens and Indicator Microorganisms Isupporting

confidence: 91%

Evidence of viral dissemination and seasonality in a Mediterranean river catchment: Implications for water pollution management

Rusiñol

Fernández-Cassi

Timoneda

et al. 2015

Journal of Environmental Management

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Conventional wastewater treatment does not completely remove and/or inactive viruses; consequently, viruses excreted by the population can be detected in the environment. This study was undertaken to investigate the distribution and seasonality of human viruses and faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in a river catchment located in a typical Mediterranean climate region and to discuss future trends in relation to climate change. Sample matrices included river water, untreated and treated wastewater from a wastewater treatment plant within the catchment area, and seawater from potentially impacted bathing water. Five viruses were analysed in the study. Human adenovirus (HAdV) and JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) were analysed as indicators of human faecal contamination of human pathogens; both were reported in urban wastewater (mean values of 10(6) and 10(5) GC/L, respectively), river water (10(3) and 10(2) GC/L) and seawater (10(2) and 10(1) GC/L). Human Merkel Cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), which is associated with Merkel Cell carcinoma, was detected in 75% of the raw wastewater samples (31/37) and quantified by a newly developed quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay with mean concentrations of 10(4) GC/L. This virus is related to skin cancer in susceptible individuals and was found in 29% and 18% of river water and seawater samples, respectively. Seasonality was only observed for norovirus genogroup II (NoV GGII), which was more abundant in cold months with levels up to 10(4) GC/L in river water. Human hepatitis E virus (HEV) was detected in 13.5% of the wastewater samples when analysed by nested PCR (nPCR). Secondary biological treatment (i.e., activated sludge) and tertiary sewage disinfection including chlorination, flocculation and UV radiation removed between 2.22 and 4.52 log10 of the viral concentrations. Climate projections for the Mediterranean climate areas and the selected river catchment estimate general warming and changes in precipitation distribution. Persistent decreases in precipitation during summer can lead to a higher presence of human viruses because river and sea water present the highest viral concentrations during warmer months. In a global context, wastewater management will be the key to preventing environmental dispersion of human faecal pathogens in future climate change scenarios.

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Section: Occurrence Of Viral Pathogens and Indicator Microorganisms Isupporting

confidence: 91%

Evidence of viral dissemination and seasonality in a Mediterranean river catchment: Implications for water pollution management

Rusiñol

Fernández-Cassi

Timoneda

et al. 2015

Journal of Environmental Management

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“…Africa12.5% (3/24) to 23.8% (5/21)4.8% (1/21) to 23.5% (25/106)2.9 (1.7–3.3)2.6 (2.0–2.9)Mans et al (2013)S. Korea20.0% (5/25)56.0% (14/25)––Park et al (2011)Netherlands–15.0% b ––Wyn-Jones et al (2011)UK10.0% b –––Wyn-Jones et al (2011) a Log 10 genome copies or viral particles per litre of water b Number of samples not stated …”

Section: Nov Abundance and Distribution In Estuarine And Coastal Watersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Review on the Public Health Impact of Norovirus Contamination in Shellfish and the Environment: A UK Perspective

et al. 2017

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We review the risk of norovirus (NoV) infection to the human population from consumption of contaminated shellfish. From a UK perspective, risk is apportioned for different vectors of NoV infection within the population. NoV spreads mainly by person-to-person contact or via unsanitary food handling. NoV also enters the coastal zone via wastewater discharges resulting in contamination of shellfish waters. Typically, NoV persists in the marine environment for several days, with its presence strongly linked to human population density, wastewater discharge rate, and efficacy of wastewater treatment. Shellfish bioaccumulate NoV and current post-harvest depuration is inefficient in its removal. While NoV can be inactivated by cooking (e.g. mussels), consumption of contaminated raw shellfish (e.g. oysters) represents a risk to human health. Consumption of contaminated food accounts for 3–11% of NoV cases in the UK (~74,000 cases/year), of which 16% are attributable to oyster consumption (11,800 cases/year). However, environmental and human factors influencing NoV infectivity remain poorly understood. Lack of standard methods for accurate quantification of infective and non-infective (damaged) NoV particles represent a major barrier, hampering identification of an appropriate lower NoV contamination limit for shellfish. Future management strategies may include shellfish quality assessment (at point of harvest or at point of supply) or harvesting controls. However, poor understanding of NoV inactivation in shellfish and the environment currently limits accurate apportionment and risk assessment for NoV and hence the identification of appropriate shellfish or environmental quality standards.

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“…Some human viruses may be used as indicators of viral contamination (Pina et al, 1998; Albinana et al, 2009; Wyn-Jones et al, 2011). The strongest candidates seem to be adenovirus (AdV), norovirus (NV), and enterovirus (EV); polyomavirus was also suggested (McQuaig et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a rational strategy for monitoring of microbiological quality of ambient waters

Poma

Cacciabue

Garcé

et al. 2012

Science of The Total Environment

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Surveillance of adenoviruses and noroviruses in European recreational waters

Cited by 238 publications

References 59 publications

Evidence of viral dissemination and seasonality in a Mediterranean river catchment: Implications for water pollution management

Evidence of viral dissemination and seasonality in a Mediterranean river catchment: Implications for water pollution management

Critical Review on the Public Health Impact of Norovirus Contamination in Shellfish and the Environment: A UK Perspective

Towards a rational strategy for monitoring of microbiological quality of ambient waters

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