ß-glucans as conductors of immune symphonies

Dalmo, Roy Ambli; Bøgwald, Jarl

doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2008.04.008

Cited by 314 publications

(262 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Medicinal herbs and plants are major source of such molecules (Galina et al 2009, Van Hai 2015; pre-and probiotics (Nayak 2010), vitamins (Ortuño et al 2001, Azad et al 2007, Kiron 2012) and synthetic molecules (Maqsood et al 2009) have also been evaluated for their effects on the immune system. Amongst immune modulating molecules, β-glucan, a linear polysaccharide extracted from the cell wall of yeast, algae and fungi (Dalmo & Bøgwald 2008) stands as a model of pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) molecule, and as such has been widely exploited as additive in fish diets aiming to improve resistance to infection. The inclusion of β-glucans in the diet of Anabas testudineus (Das et al 2009), Cyprinus carpio (Miest et al 2012), Oncorhynchus mykiss (Ghaedi et al 2015), Salmon salar (Pionnier et al 2013) amongst other fish species, for instance, improved several innate immune parameters like respiratory burst, macrophage phagocytic index, serum lysozyme and myeloperoxidase, and improved the production of total IgM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The inclusion of β-glucans in the diet of Anabas testudineus (Das et al 2009), Cyprinus carpio (Miest et al 2012), Oncorhynchus mykiss (Ghaedi et al 2015), Salmon salar (Pionnier et al 2013) amongst other fish species, for instance, improved several innate immune parameters like respiratory burst, macrophage phagocytic index, serum lysozyme and myeloperoxidase, and improved the production of total IgM. However, conflicting results have also been reported, such as in Salmo salar and Scophthalmus rhombus, and have been attributed to differences in β-glucan concentration on diet, the molecular characteristics of the molecule (1,3-β-glucan or 1,6-β-glucan), time and feeding regimen (Dalmo & Bøgwald 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ligation of β-glucan to its cognate molecule on immune cells such as macrophage and dendritic cells triggers the expression of proinflammatory (IL-2 and IFNγ) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines (Aoki et al 2008, Dalmo & Bøgwald 2008 and potentiates phagocytosis and the removal of iC3b and C3b opsonized antigens (Hawlisch & Köhl 2006). As a consequence of macrophage and dendritic cell activation, and the resulting cytokine cascade, both innate and acquired immune response meliorates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immunomodulatory effects of dietary β-glucan in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen)

Domenico

Canova²,

Soveral³

et al. 2017

Pesq. Vet. Bras.

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RESUMO.-[Efeito imunomodulador da β-glucana usada como aditivo alimentar em jundiás (Rhamdia quelen).]O uso da β-glucana como suplemento alimentar foi avaliado em jundiás. A β-glucana foi adicionada à ração na proporção de 0.01%, e 0.1% e fornecida aos peixes por 21, para avaliar dados hematológicos e parâmetros do sistema imune natural, ou 42 dias, para avaliar ganho de peso e resistência ao desafio com Aeromonas hydrophila. A adição da β-glucana na dieta não afetou o ganho de peso e não induziu alterações hematológicas nem alterações nos níveis de aglutininas e mieloperoxidase sanguínea. No entanto, a atividade hemolítica natural do sistema do complemento foi significativamente maior nos peixes alimentados com β-glucana. Além disso, nos peixes alimentados com β-glucana e desafiados com A. hydrophila, o número de bactérias isoladas do sangue foi significativamente menor, e a sobrevivência ao desafio foi significativamente maior do que nos peixes que não receberam β-glucana. Consequentemente, concluímos que a β-glucana tem potencial imunomodulador quando adicionada à dieta, nas condições experimentais aqui indicadas, e contribui para aumentar imunidade natural e a resistência dos jundiás ao desafio com patógenos específicos. INTRODUCTIONThe occurrence of infectious diseases is one of the major causes of losses in modern aquaculture (Sitjà-Bobadilla The immunomodulatory effects of dietary β-glucan were evaluated in silver catfish. β-glucan was added to the diet (0.01%, and 0.1%) and fed to the fish for 21 days, to evaluate effects on blood and some innate immune parameter, or fed for 42 days, to evaluate growth rate and resistance to challenge with pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila. We found that adding β-glucan to the diet had no effect on fish growth and no effect on blood cells, or serum bacterial agglutination and serum myeloperoxidase activity. However, fish that received β-glucan in the diet had the natural hemolytic activity of complement significantly higher compared to control fish. Furthermore, fish fed with β-glucan and challenged with A. hydrophila had fewer bacteria in blood and presented a significantly higher survival rate compared to control fish. Thus, we concluded that β-glucan might be explored as feed additive aiming to improve silver catfish innate immunity and resistance to specific pathogen.INDEX TERMS: Silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen, fish, immunostimulants, β-glucan, Aeromonas hydrophila.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immunomodulatory effects of dietary β-glucan in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen)

Domenico

Canova²,

Soveral³

et al. 2017

Pesq. Vet. Bras.

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“…One important strategy is to increase the innate immune system using immunostimulants, such as β-glucans, as feed supplements [1]. β-glucans are glucose polysaccharides that are connected by β-glycosidic bonds or d-glucose molecules which are repetitively linked at a specific position.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

β-Glucan-supplemented diets increase poly(I:C)-induced gene expression of Mx, possibly via Tlr3-mediated recognition mechanism in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Falcó

Miest

Pionnier

et al. 2014

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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Highlights•mx expression was stable or slightly up-regulated in carp after β-glucan treatment.•Poly(I:C) markedly increased mx expression in samples from β-glucan fed fish.•Two sequences for carp tlr3 were retrieved (tlr3.1 and tlr3.2) and characterized.•β-Glucan-supplemented diets increased the transcript levels of both tlr3 genes. AbstractWe have previously observed that in common carp (Cyprinus carpio), administration of β-glucan (MacroGard®) as feed additive leads to a lower expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines suggesting that this immunostimulant may be preventing an acute and potentially dangerous response to infection, particularly in the gut. However, in general, mechanisms to detect and eliminate pathogens must also be induced in order to achieve an efficient clearance of the infection. Protection against viral diseases acquired through β-glucan-supplemented feed has been extensively reported for several experimental models in fish but the underlining mechanisms are still unknown. Thus, in order to better characterize the antiviral action induced by β-glucans in fish, MacroGard® was administered daily to common carp in the form of supplemented commercial food pellets. Carp were fed for a period of 25 days prior to intra-peritoneal injection with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), a well-known double-stranded RNA mimic that triggers a type-I interferon (IFN) response. Subsequently, a set of immune related genes, including mx, were analysed by real-time PCR on liver, spleen, head kidney and mid gut tissues. Results obtained confirmed that treatment with β-glucan alone generally down-regulated the mRNA expression of selected cytokines when compared to untreated fish, while mx gene expression remained stable or was slightly up-regulated. Injection with poly(I:C) induced a similar down-regulated gene expression pattern for cytokines in samples from β-glucan fed fish. In contrast, poly(I:C) injection markedly increased mx gene expression in samples from β-glucan fed fish but hardly in samples from © 2014. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ fish fed control feed. In an attempt to explain the high induction of mx, we studied Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) gene expression in these carp. TLR3 is a prototypical pattern recognition receptor considered important for the binding of viral double-stranded RNA and triggering of a type-I IFN response. Through genome data mining, two sequences for carp tlr3 were retrieved (tlr3.1 and tlr3.2) and characterized. Constitutive gene expression of both tlr3.1 and tlr3.2 was detected by real-time PCR in cDNA of all analysed carp organs. Strikingly, 25 days after β-glucan feeding, very high levels of tlr3.1 gene expression were observed in all analysed organs, with the exception of the liver. Our data suggest that β-glucan-mediated protection against viral diseases could be due to an increased Tlr3-mediated recognition of ligands, resulting in an increased antiviral activity of Mx.

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“…The biological response modifiers derived from mushrooms are increasingly being used to treat a wide variety of clinical conditions, with relatively little knowledge of their modes of action. Especially, polysaccharides are considered to be one of the major active substances in mushrooms (Dalmo and Bøgwald, 2008). Polysaccharides isolated from mushrooms can have significant effects on the innate and adaptive immune response and therefore have the potential as immunostimulators with wide clinical and medicinal applications (Ooi and Liu, 2000;Tsan and Baochong, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunostimulating Activity by Polysaccharides Isolated from Fruiting Body of Inonotus obliquus

Won

Lee

Kwon

et al. 2011

Molecules and Cells

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In this study, we investigated the immunostimulating activity of polysaccharides isolated from fruiting body of Inonotus obliquus (PFIO). Additionally, the signaling pathway of PFIO-mediated macrophage activation was investigated in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. We found that PFIO was capable of promoting NO/ROS production, TNF-α secretion and phagocytic uptake in macrophages, as well as cell proliferation, comitogenic effect and IFN-γ/IL-4 secretion in mouse splenocytes. PFIO was able to induce the phosphorylation of three MAPKs as well as the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, resulting in activation of RAW264.7 macrophages. PFIO also induced the inhibition of TNF-α secretion by anti-TLR2 mAb, consequently, PFIO might be involved in TNF-α secretion via the TLR2 receptor. In addition, our results showed that oral administration of PFIO suppressed in vivo growth of melanoma tumor in tumorbearing mice. In conclusion, our experiments presented that PFIO effectively promotes macrophage activation through the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, suggesting that PFIO may potentially regulate the immune response.

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ß-glucans as conductors of immune symphonies

Cited by 314 publications

References 76 publications

Immunomodulatory effects of dietary β-glucan in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen)

Immunomodulatory effects of dietary β-glucan in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen)

β-Glucan-supplemented diets increase poly(I:C)-induced gene expression of Mx, possibly via Tlr3-mediated recognition mechanism in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Immunostimulating Activity by Polysaccharides Isolated from Fruiting Body of Inonotus obliquus

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