Squid Oil and Fat Production from Squid Wastes Using Subcritical Water Hydrolysis:  Free Fatty Acids and Transesterification

Abstract

Application of subcritical water (sub-CW) treatment on the yield of oil and fat produced from squid waste entrails was studied experimentally in the temperature range of 443−653 K with a reaction time of 1−40 min. This process showed that the oil and the fat phases contain nine free fatty acids which were produced during hydrolysis of the triglyceride molecules and showed a maximum total yield at 513 K and 40 min (0.44 kg/kg oil). The order of the yields for the nine fatty acids, including omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), was found to be DHA > palmitic > oleic > EPA > others. On the other hand, transesterification of the oil and the fat phases in the presence of trimethylsulfonium hydroxide (TMSH) which converted the free fatty acids to the corresponding fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) was studied. The total yield of FAMEs in the oil and the fat phases illustrated a peak at 473 and 493 K, respectively.

Subcritical Water Technology for Enhanced Extraction of Biochemical Compounds fromChlorella vulgaris

“…For example, fish waste was liquefied by hydrolysis using subcritical water technology to enable the recovery of organic acids and amino acids and the extraction of fatty acids [18]. Similar results were also obtained with squid waste where free fatty acids containing EPA and DHA were produced during hydrolysis with subcritical water technology [19]. …”

Extraction and Characterization of Bioactive Compounds with Health Benefits from Marine Resources: Macro and Micro Algae, Cyanobacteria, and Invertebrates

“…Among fatty acids, DHA (0.103 kg/kg oil) and EPA (0.062 kg/kg oil) were obtained at 240°C (20 min) and 200°C (40 min), respectively. From the oil and fat phases, it was possible to carry out the transesterifi cation of fatty acid to the corresponding fatty acid methyl ester, which are important compounds in biodiesel fuel production (Tavakoli et al 2006b ).…”

Lubricity of paraffinic fuels additivated with conventional and non-conventional methyl esters

“…Other esters are only at minor concentrations in these sources, but they are present in non-conventional sources (jatropha oil, fish oil, algae, some wastes) that will benefit from current enhancing politics that pursue the use of sustainable sources that do not interfere with the food market. For example, fish oil is rich in palmitoleic (15%-20%) and docosahexanoic (5%-25%) acids, [19][20][21][22][23][24] while fish fat presents erucic and eicosenoic acids as well. 19,25 Algae may show higher concentrations of palmitic and linolenic acids than traditional biodiesel sources, and significant amounts of highly polyunsaturated acids, such as docosahexanoic acid.…”

“…For example, fish oil is rich in palmitoleic (15%-20%) and docosahexanoic (5%-25%) acids, [19][20][21][22][23][24] while fish fat presents erucic and eicosenoic acids as well. 19,25 Algae may show higher concentrations of palmitic and linolenic acids than traditional biodiesel sources, and significant amounts of highly polyunsaturated acids, such as docosahexanoic acid. [26][27][28][29] Biodiesel from larvae of black soldier fly, a fat-containing insect, presents 15%-35% of palmitoleic ester.…”