Square-wave adsorptive anodic stripping voltammetric determination of norfloxacin using a glassy carbon electrode modified with carbon black and CdTe quantum dots in a chitosan film
“…In this work, we test the latter hypothesis by employing CB suspensions to replace the typical AC suspension as the flow electrodes. Normally applied as an electron-conductive agent in the CDI film electrode, − CB is a material of high bulk conductivity with large facial ion-accessible specific surface areas and is cost-effective as compared with other carbon conductive additives, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes . When charged, target ions can insert into the bent layers of CB and then adsorb onto the external surface, and therefore the ion diffusion path is shortened .…”
Flow-electrode electrochemical desalination (FEED) processes (e.g., flow-electrode capacitive deionization), which use flowable carbon particles as the electrodes, have attracted increasing attention, holding the promise for continuous desalination and high desalting efficiency. While it is generally believed that carbon particles with abundant microporous and large specific capacitances (e.g., activated carbon, AC) should be ideal candidates for FEED electrodes, we provide evidence to the contrary, showing that highly conductive electrodes with low specific surface area can outperform microporous AC-based electrodes. This study revealed that FEED using solely high surface area AC particles (∼2000 m 2 g −1 , specific capacitance of ∼44 F g −1 , average salt adsorption rate of ∼0.15 μmol cm −2 min −1 ) was vastly outperformed by electrodes based solely on low-surface area carbon black (CB, ∼70 m 2 g −1 , ∼0.5 F g −1 , ∼0.75 μmol cm −2 min −1 ). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results suggest that the electrode formed by CB particles led to more effective electronic charge percolation, likely contributing to the improved desalination performance. In addition, we propose and demonstrate a novel operation mode, termed single cycle (SC), which greatly simplified the FEED cell configuration and enabled simultaneous charging and discharging. Using SC mode with CB flow electrodes delivered an increased average salt removal rate relative to the more traditional short-circuited closed cycle (SCC) mode, achieving up to 1.13 μmol cm −2 min −1 . Further investigations demonstrate that up to 50% of energy input would be avoided when using CB flow electrodes operated under SC mode as compared to that of AC flow electrodes operated under SCC mode. In summary, the FEED process presented in this study provided an innovative and promising approach toward high-efficient and low-cost brackish water desalination.
“…In this work, we test the latter hypothesis by employing CB suspensions to replace the typical AC suspension as the flow electrodes. Normally applied as an electron-conductive agent in the CDI film electrode, − CB is a material of high bulk conductivity with large facial ion-accessible specific surface areas and is cost-effective as compared with other carbon conductive additives, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes . When charged, target ions can insert into the bent layers of CB and then adsorb onto the external surface, and therefore the ion diffusion path is shortened .…”
Flow-electrode electrochemical desalination (FEED) processes (e.g., flow-electrode capacitive deionization), which use flowable carbon particles as the electrodes, have attracted increasing attention, holding the promise for continuous desalination and high desalting efficiency. While it is generally believed that carbon particles with abundant microporous and large specific capacitances (e.g., activated carbon, AC) should be ideal candidates for FEED electrodes, we provide evidence to the contrary, showing that highly conductive electrodes with low specific surface area can outperform microporous AC-based electrodes. This study revealed that FEED using solely high surface area AC particles (∼2000 m 2 g −1 , specific capacitance of ∼44 F g −1 , average salt adsorption rate of ∼0.15 μmol cm −2 min −1 ) was vastly outperformed by electrodes based solely on low-surface area carbon black (CB, ∼70 m 2 g −1 , ∼0.5 F g −1 , ∼0.75 μmol cm −2 min −1 ). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results suggest that the electrode formed by CB particles led to more effective electronic charge percolation, likely contributing to the improved desalination performance. In addition, we propose and demonstrate a novel operation mode, termed single cycle (SC), which greatly simplified the FEED cell configuration and enabled simultaneous charging and discharging. Using SC mode with CB flow electrodes delivered an increased average salt removal rate relative to the more traditional short-circuited closed cycle (SCC) mode, achieving up to 1.13 μmol cm −2 min −1 . Further investigations demonstrate that up to 50% of energy input would be avoided when using CB flow electrodes operated under SC mode as compared to that of AC flow electrodes operated under SCC mode. In summary, the FEED process presented in this study provided an innovative and promising approach toward high-efficient and low-cost brackish water desalination.
“…Santos et al. modified GCE using carbon black (CB) and CdTe quantum dots (CdTe QDs) in chitosan film (CTH) to provide excellent sensitivity to electrochemical sensors by improving electron transfer processes and electrocatalytic properties [161] . The CB/CdTe QDs/CTS/GCE sensors showed stable, fast, and sensitive electrochemical behavior in detecting NOR.…”
Section: Detection On Non‐bio‐modified Carbon‐based Electrodesmentioning
Quinolone antibiotic is known for its effectiveness in treating infectious disease, and has been used widely for humans and also in animals. Continuous use of antibiotics could promote antibiotic resistance as well as result in the accumulation of antibiotic residues in food. Therefore, monitoring the quinolone antibiotic is important. Meanwhile, carbon‐based electrode is known as a material that has been used widely for electrochemical sensor application. It has been used in its bare form and modified form to improve the electrode catalytic performance. In this review, we summarize the utilization of unmodified and modified carbon‐based electrode in detecting various types of quinolone antibiotics. It is expected to provide comprehensive information on related topics.
“…Over the years, various phenolic compounds have been determined by using CB: NADH, thiols, ascorbic acid, CA, gallic acid, hydrazine [170][171][172][173][174][175]. CB is able to improve electron transfer, sensitivity to the determined analyte, resistance to contamination, and to decrease the potential applied for the quantification of analytes [176], after deposition on various electrodes (carbon screen-printed, glassy carbon, or carbon paste) [177][178][179].…”
Caffeic acid is one of the most important hydroxycinnamic acids found in various foods and plant products. It has multiple beneficial effects in the human body such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic. Since overdoses of caffeic acid may have negative effects, the quality and quantity of this acid in foods, pharmaceuticals, food supplements, etc., needs to be accurately determined. The present paper analyzes the most representative scientific papers published mostly in the last 10 years which describe the development and characterization of voltamperometric sensors or biosensors based on carbon nanomaterials and/or enzyme commonly used for detecting caffeic acid and a series of methods which may improve the performance characteristics of such sensors.
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