SpTie1/2 is expressed in coelomocytes, axial organ and embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, and is an orthologue of vertebrate Tie1 and Tie2

Stevens, Margaret E.; Dhillon, Jatinder Kaur; Miller, Chase; Messier-Solek, Cynthia; Majeske, Audrey J.; Zuelke, Dustin R; Rast, Jonathan P.; Smith, L. Courtney

doi:10.1016/j.dci.2010.03.010

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…BrdU uptake in the sea star, Asterias rubens , responding to injected LPS or concanavalin A suggests that the coelomic epithelium and Tiedemann's bodies are also sites of coelomocyte proliferation in asteroids (67), however, these tissues were not evaluated in this study and therefore cannot be eliminated as sources of coelomocytes in echinoids. That the axial organ may be a site of cell proliferation in S. purpuratus is consistent with elevated expression of SpTie1/2 in the axial organ, in coelomocytes, and in sea urchin embryos when larval immune cells differentiate during gastrula to early pluteus stages (93). This also agrees with the RNAseq dataset (72) showing that transcripts from SpTie (SPU_026748 and SPU_024044) and SpTie -like genes (SPU_014858 and SPU_002763; www.echinobase.org) are elevated in the axial organ and in coelomocytes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

The Axial Organ and the Pharynx Are Sites of Hematopoiesis in the Sea Urchin

et al. 2019

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Background: The location of coelomocyte proliferation in adult sea urchins is unknown and speculations since the early 1800s have been based on microanatomy and tracer uptake studies. In adult sea urchins ( Strongylocentrotus purpuratus ) with down-regulated immune systems, coelomocyte numbers increase in response to immune challenge, and whether some or all of these cells are newly proliferated is not known. The gene regulatory network that encodes transcription factors that control hematopoiesis in embryonic and larval sea urchins has not been investigated in adults. Hence, to identify the hematopoietic tissue in adult sea urchins, cell proliferation, expression of phagocyte specific genes, and expression of genes encoding transcription factors that function in the conserved regulatory network that controls hematopoiesis in embryonic and larval sea urchins were investigated for several tissues. Results: Cell proliferation was induced in adult sea urchins either by immune challenge through injection of heat-killed Vibrio diazotrophicus or by cell depletion through aspiration of coelomic fluid. In response to either of these stimuli, newly proliferated coelomocytes constitute only about 10% of the cells in the coelomic fluid. In tissues, newly proliferated cells and cells that express SpTransformer proteins (formerly Sp185/333) that are markers for phagocytes are present in the axial organ, gonad, pharynx, esophagus, and gut with no differences among tissues. The expression level of genes encoding transcription factors that regulate hematopoiesis show that both the axial organ and the pharynx have elevated expression compared to coelomocytes, esophagus, gut, and gonad. Similarly, an RNAseq dataset shows similar results for the axial organ and pharynx, but also suggests that the axial organ may be a site for removal and recycling of cells in the coelomic cavity. Conclusions: Results presented here are consistent with previous speculations that the axial organ may be a site of coelomocyte proliferation and that it may also be a center for cellular removal and recycling. A second site, the pharynx, may also have hematopoietic activity, a tissue that has been assumed to function only as part of the intestinal tract.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

The Axial Organ and the Pharynx Are Sites of Hematopoiesis in the Sea Urchin

et al. 2019

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“…The P. lividus genome is expected to be released in 2015. The full understanding of the morpho-functional properties of sea urchin immune cells is still controversial, but some of their immune mechanisms are relatively well known and include cellular recognition and cytotoxicity (Arizza et al, 2007;Bertheussen, 1979), phagocytosis and ROS production (Ito et al, 1992), antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties (Majeske et al, 2013a;Schillaci et al, 2010;Stevens et al, 2010) and a complement system that includes C3 and factor B homologues, that is likely initiated by a large set of homologues similar to mannose binding lectin and C1q, and a number of antimicrobial peptides (Li et al 2014;Smith et al, 2010).…”

Section: P Lividus Immune Cells: Morphological Features and Recognizmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sea urchin immune cells as sentinels of environmental stress

Pinsino

Matranga

2015

Developmental & Comparative Immunology

110

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“…Early work to analyze gene expression in coelomocytes under conditions of immune challenge identified homologs of complement components including putative complement regulatory proteins, in addition to genes encoding transcription factors, lectins, ions channels, a Tie receptor homolog, lysosomal enzymes, cytoskeletal proteins, folding chaperones, mitochondrial enzymes, proteins that function in RNA splicing, signaling pathways, and secretion, plus a large number of unknowns (Smith et al, 1996, 1998; Al-Sharif et al, 1998; Rast et al, 2000; Multerer and Smith, 2004; Nair et al, 2005; Stevens et al, 2010). Many of the expressed sequence tags (ESTs) correlate with gene models annotated in the genome of the purple sea urchin, although the major finding from genome annotation was the striking level of complexity and sophistication of this invertebrate innate immune system (Hibino et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate immune complexity in the purple sea urchin: diversity of the Sp185/333 system

Smith

2012

Front. Immun.

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The California purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, is a long-lived echinoderm with a complex and sophisticated innate immune system. There are several large gene families that function in immunity in this species including the Sp185/333 gene family that has ∼50 (±10) members. The family shows intriguing sequence diversity and encodes a broad array of diverse yet similar proteins. The genes have two exons of which the second encodes the mature protein and has repeats and blocks of sequence called elements. Mosaics of element patterns plus single nucleotide polymorphisms-based variants of the elements result in significant sequence diversity among the genes yet maintains similar structure among the members of the family. Sequence of a bacterial artificial chromosome insert shows a cluster of six, tightly linked Sp185/333 genes that are flanked by GA microsatellites. The sequences between the GA microsatellites in which the Sp185/333 genes and flanking regions are located, are much more similar to each other than are the sequences outside the microsatellites suggesting processes such as gene conversion, recombination, or duplication. However, close linkage does not correspond with greater sequence similarity compared to randomly cloned and sequenced genes that are unlikely to be linked. There are three segmental duplications that are bounded by GAT microsatellites and include three almost identical genes plus flanking regions. RNA editing is detectible throughout the mRNAs based on comparisons to the genes, which, in combination with putative post-translational modifications to the proteins, results in broad arrays of Sp185/333 proteins that differ among individuals. The mature proteins have an N-terminal glycine-rich region, a central RGD motif, and a C-terminal histidine-rich region. The Sp185/333 proteins are localized to the cell surface and are found within vesicles in subsets of polygonal and small phagocytes. The coelomocyte proteome shows full-length and truncated proteins, including some with missense sequence. Current results suggest that both native Sp185/333 proteins and a recombinant protein bind bacteria and are likely important in sea urchin innate immunity.

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SpTie1/2 is expressed in coelomocytes, axial organ and embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, and is an orthologue of vertebrate Tie1 and Tie2

Cited by 10 publications

References 86 publications

The Axial Organ and the Pharynx Are Sites of Hematopoiesis in the Sea Urchin

The Axial Organ and the Pharynx Are Sites of Hematopoiesis in the Sea Urchin

Sea urchin immune cells as sentinels of environmental stress

Innate immune complexity in the purple sea urchin: diversity of the Sp185/333 system

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