Spread the experience of India in China: making endoscopy mobile

Tang, Xiaowei; Huang, Shenlin; Fan, Zijie

doi:10.1055/s-0032-1309844

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…All one needs is the endoscope, the Endockscope connector, a smartphone, and portable LED light source to deliver 21st century quality endoscopy to any hospital, clinic, office, or home worldwide. 22,23 In addition, the smartphone does not require a separate video receiver box with optical/hard drive, because the data are all stored within the device. It is, in essence, a portable computer that includes a high-quality camera.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…23 After the success of this healthcare initiative in India, a Chinese group transformed a train into a mobile hospital to provide advanced technologic healthcare for the rural population. 22 Both groups, however, mention that some isolated areas of India or China could not be reached either by bus or train because of nonexistent roads or tracks for the vehicles; thus, it was difficult and sometimes impossible to mobilize the equipment. This is not the situation with the Endockscope system; this empowers a physician on a motorcycle, bicycle, or hiking trail to bring 21 st century endoscopy to the bedside of any patient, in any location worldwide!…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Endockscope: Using Mobile Technology to Create Global Point of Service Endoscopy

Sohn

Shreim

Yoon

et al. 2013

Journal of Endourology

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Background and Purpose: Recent advances and the widespread availability of smartphones have ushered in a new wave of innovations in healthcare. We present our initial experience with Endockscope, a new docking system that optimizes the coupling of the iPhone 4S with modern endoscopes. Materials and Methods: Using the United States Air Force resolution target, we compared the image resolution (line pairs/mm) of a flexible cystoscope coupled to the Endockscope + iPhone to the Storz high definition (HD) camera (H3-Z Versatile). We then used the Munsell ColorChecker chart to compare the color resolution with a 0°l aparoscope. Furthermore, 12 expert endoscopists blindly compared and evaluated images from a porcine model using a cystoscope and ureteroscope for both systems. Finally, we also compared the cost (average of two company listed prices) and weight (lb) of the two systems. Results: Overall, the image resolution allowed by the Endockscope was identical to the traditional HD camera (4.49 vs 4.49 lp/mm). Red (DE = 9.26 vs 9.69) demonstrated better color resolution for iPhone, but green (DE = 7.76 vs 10.95), and blue (DE = 12.35 vs 14.66) revealed better color resolution with the Storz HD camera. Expert reviews of cystoscopic images acquired with the HD camera were superior in image, color, and overall quality (P = 0.002, 0.042, and 0.003). In contrast, the ureteroscopic reviews yielded no statistical difference in image, color, and overall (P = 1, 0.203, and 0.120) quality. The overall cost of the Endockscope + iPhone was $154 compared with $46,623 for a standard HD system. The weight of the mobile-coupled system was 0.47 lb and 1.01 lb for the Storz HD camera. Conclusion: Endockscope demonstrated feasibility of coupling endoscopes to a smartphone. The lighter and inexpensive Endockscope acquired images of the same resolution and acceptable color resolution. When evaluated by expert endoscopists, the quality of the images overall were equivalent for flexible ureteroscopy and somewhat inferior, but still acceptable for flexible cystoscopy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endockscope: Using Mobile Technology to Create Global Point of Service Endoscopy

Sohn

Shreim

Yoon

et al. 2013

Journal of Endourology

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Assessing the Risk of Phthalate Ester (PAE) Contamination in Soils and Crops Irrigated with Treated Sewage Effluent

Huang

et al. 2018

Water

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Waste/reclaimed irrigation water has been promoted due to water shortages in arid and semi-arid areas. However, this process may be one of the sources of phthalate esters (PAEs) in agricultural soils, and the potential risks of PAEs for soil ecosystems and human health have attracted considerable attention. A two-year (from October 2014 to October 2016) field experiment was conducted to assess the contamination risk of PAEs from reclaimed irrigation water in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.) fields on the North China Plain. Three types of irrigation water quality were arranged for each variety, including reclaimed water, groundwater, and a mixture of reclaimed water and groundwater (1:1, v/v). The results indicate that the concentrations of the 6 PAEs in topsoil ranged from 2.79 to 5.34 mg/kg at the time of crop harvest. There was no significant effect of reclaimed irrigation water on the concentrations of PAEs in the soil. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the most abundant contaminants in all soil samples, accounting for 43.2%~68.7% and 27.1%~48.6%, respectively, of the 6 PAEs. The levels of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and DnBP in all soil samples exceeded the allowable soil concentrations, but the levels were far below the recommended soil cleanup objectives. The grain yields of winter wheat and summer maize ranged from 4.35 to 7.1 t/ha and 1.03 to 6.46 t/ha, respectively. There were no significant effects of reclaimed water on the growth characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat (p > 0.05); however, the effect of reclaimed irrigation water on summer maize was influenced by climate. The concentrations of the 6 PAEs in wheat grain and maize grain ranged from 1.03 to 4.05 mg/kg and from 0.37 to 3.29 mg/kg, respectively. For the same variety, there was no significant difference in the concentrations of the 6 PAEs in cereal grains among different treatments (p > 0.05). DEHP and DnBP were the most abundant components in most crop samples, accounting for 31.6%~77.9% and 21.1%~64.7%, respectively, of the 6 PAEs. The concentrations of the PAEs, DnBP and DEHP in cereal grains were lower than those in the reference doses. The BCFs of the 6 PAEs and of each PAE in cereal grains were 0.43~1.25 and 0.33~35.75, respectively. The BCFs of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) were the highest (1.41~35.75), followed by DMP and DEHP. There were almost no significant differences in the BCFs of each PAE among the three treatments. The total carcinogenic risks of PAEs were 2.82 × 10 −5 for adults and 1.81 × 10 −5 for children. The total non-carcinogenic risks of PAEs were 3.37 × 10 −1 for adults and 7.98 × 10 −1 for children. DHEP was the dominant contributor to both risks, and the intake of cereals was the main exposure pathway for the two risks. In conclusion, there were no significant effects of reclaimed irrigation water on the concentrations of PAEs in soil and cereal grains compared with groundwater irrigation, and the human health risks were within ...

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Spread the experience of India in China: making endoscopy mobile

Cited by 2 publications

References 2 publications

Endockscope: Using Mobile Technology to Create Global Point of Service Endoscopy

Endockscope: Using Mobile Technology to Create Global Point of Service Endoscopy

Assessing the Risk of Phthalate Ester (PAE) Contamination in Soils and Crops Irrigated with Treated Sewage Effluent

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