Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry for Complex Impedances: Application to PV Arrays

Furse, Cynthia; Jayakumar, Naveen Kumar Tumkur; Benoit, Evan; Saleh, Mashad Uddin; LaCombe, Josiah; Scarpulla, Michael A.; Harley, Joel B.; Kingston, Samuel; Waddoups, Brent; Deline, Chris

doi:10.1109/autest.2018.8532521

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The peaks at 32 m and 35.05 m (in the SSTDR signature shown by solid black line) have different magnitudes. This difference can be caused by either multiple overlapping reflections [11], or frequency dispersion (capacitance or inductance) in the system [17]. This combination of amplitude and shape difference could be useful to determine which wire (+) or (−) has been disconnected.…”

Section: Results -Asymmetric Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In these scenarios, the magnitude of the SSTDR time domain reflection (the peak value in Fig. 2) is proportional to the reflection coefficient and, hence, the load can be derived [17]. Throughout this paper, we will express the reflection coefficient as the magnitude of the peak of the SSTDR reflection signature as has been done in other time domain reflectometry papers [2], realizing that this is strictly correct only for frequency-independent faults.…”

Section: Reflectometry Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reflectometry on Asymmetric Transmission Line Systems

Saleh¹,

Harley²,

Jayakumar³

et al. 2020

PIER M

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Time domain reflectometry is frequently used to localize faults in electrical systems. Most existing literature on reflectometry in transmission lines considers symmetric faults that are either shorts between the two conductors or open circuits where both conductors are disconnected at the same location. This paper investigates spread spectrum time domain reflectometry (SSTDR) applied to asymmetric twin-lead transmission lines in which either only one conductor is disconnected, or the reflectometry instrument itself is asymmetric. For asymmetric faults, we observe not only the expected dominant reflection corresponding to the location of the disconnection, but also an additional reflection from the end of the transmission line. In the second case, we leverage the asymmetric response of the SSTDR instrument to identify which of the two otherwise identical conductors has been disconnected.

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Section: Results -Asymmetric Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reflectometry Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reflectometry on Asymmetric Transmission Line Systems

Saleh¹,

Harley²,

Jayakumar³

et al. 2020

PIER M

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Reflectometry is a nondestructive technique to remotely detect, locate, and characterize useful information in physical systems. It has been used extensively in electrical systems to locate electrical “opens” or “shorts” [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ], locate cable insulation break down [ 7 ], detect electrical system degradation [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ], locate ground and arc faults [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ], locate damaged components in photovoltaic (PV) systems [ 12 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ], remotely measure complex impedance [ 17 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ], locate intermittent faults that only occur during normal operation [ 3 , 4 , 8 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ], and locate faults in three phase systems [ 27 ]. In material science, reflectometry has been used to characterize nanostructures, optical fiber networks, waveguides, and dielectrics [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ].…”

Section: Reflectometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been used in airplane cabling where it has been able to detect intermittent faults lasting a few milliseconds [ 47 ]. Application has also been seen in power systems [ 27 , 57 , 58 ], PV systems [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 15 , 16 , 18 , 59 , 60 ], undersea cabling [ 61 ], and railroad systems [ 49 , 62 , 63 ]. It has been proposed that SSTDR could be used in battery health monitoring [ 64 ] and cable degradation monitoring [ 65 ].…”

Section: Reflectometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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A SSTDR Methodology, Implementations, and Challenges

Kingston

Benoit

Edun

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Sequence time-domain reflectometry (STDR) and spread spectrum time-domain reflectometry (SSTDR) detect, locate, and diagnose faults in live (energized) electrical systems. In this paper, we survey the present SSTDR literature for discussions on theory, algorithms used in its analysis, and its more prominent implementations and applications. Our review includes both scientific litera-ture and selected patents. We also discuss future applications of SSTDR.

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Advanced impedance mismatch technique for detecting faults in photovoltaic systems

Lamdihine,

Ouassaid

2024

Energy Science & Engineering

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This paper presents a comprehensive exploration of the Advanced Impedance Mismatch Technique (AIMT), a novel approach designed for the accurate detection of simultaneous and varied faults within photovoltaic (PV) systems. This investigation integrates a spectrum of fault detection strategies, pinpointing reflectometry as a notably effective tool. Despite its utility, conventional reflectometry applications face critical constraints, notably the limitation to identify only the primary fault location within a PV array and the inability to distinguish between different fault types. This work introduces an innovative mathematical model that estimates the impedance of PV modules, enhancing the reflectometry method to enable the precise identification and localization of multiple defective modules within a string. The proposed technique exhibits a remarkable sensitivity to detect slight impedance differences between a functional PV string and one with defective modules. The validity of the AIMT's mathematical model is corroborated through simulation experiments on a string of seven PV modules afflicted with multiple simultaneous faults. These experiments rigorously evaluate the technique's accuracy in pinpointing the locations of defective modules within a PV string. The outcomes of our proposed ‐times faster AIMT reveal a strong concordance between the simulated reflective signals and the impedance values forecasted by the model, highlighting the proposed method's proficiency in the detailed detection and diagnosis of progressive faults within PV systems.

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Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry for Complex Impedances: Application to PV Arrays

Cited by 16 publications

References 11 publications

Reflectometry on Asymmetric Transmission Line Systems

Reflectometry on Asymmetric Transmission Line Systems

A SSTDR Methodology, Implementations, and Challenges

Advanced impedance mismatch technique for detecting faults in photovoltaic systems

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