A SSTDR Methodology, Implementations, and Challenges

Kingston, Samuel; Benoit, Evan; Edun, Ayobami; Elyasichamazkoti, Farhad; Sweeney, Dawn E.; Harley, Joel B.; Kuhn, P. K.; Furse, Cynthia

doi:10.3390/s21165268

Cited by 19 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 110 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The accuracy of TDR is impacted by other signals on the monitored cable, requiring the system to be powered down to carry out the test. SSTDR [73] is a combination of traditional TDR and spread spectrum techniques. Spread spectrum is a foundation of cellular phone communications, used to transmit small, but recognisable, signals in high noise environments.…”

Section: Sstdrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has natural noise immunity [75] so experiences minimal interference from existing signals in the system or external electrical noise sources, and it possesses a dynamic frequencydomain bandwidth that can be varied by the modulation frequency [76]. Reported applications successfully demonstrate the detection and location of open and short circuits in aircraft, rail, and cable diagnostics (nuclear, subsea oil and gas, etc) [73,[77][78][79].…”

Section: Sstdrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This testing is looking for smaller changes in impedance than would be typical for hard faults, so the typical amplitude changes were much closer to the noise level than typical testing. Typically, in onshore based industries, this type of testing can find a fault to within a metre in many kilometres of cable [73,82]. In this case for the 3.5 m long cable, even with the noise level close to that of the signal, the fault was located to within a few centimetres of the actual position.…”

Section: Fault Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Non-destructive examination (NDE) methods for dynamic subsea cables for offshore renewable energy

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Offshore renewable energy installations are moving into more challenging environments where fixed foundations are not economically viable, forcing the development of floating platforms. Subsea cables are critical for transfer of the power generated back to shore. The electrical capabilities of subsea cables are well understood; however, the structural capabilities are not, subsea power cable failures accounting for a significant proportion of insurance claims. Cables are challenging to repair, with specific vessels and good weather windows required, therefore making operations very costly. A good understanding of the internal structure of a subsea cable, and interaction between the layers, is integral to the development of robust and reliable, high voltage, dynamic, subsea cables. A requirement therefore exists for non-destructive examination (NDE) of live subsea cables to determine locations, and identify the causes, of faults and classify their type. An NDE framework such as this would assist in planning operations and reduce the risk and cost inherent to delivering offshore power. Improved understanding of subsea cable failure modes and mechanisms could also be achieved through us of NDE during onshore, dry, experimental testing. Three currently available NDE methods are considered, developed for use in other disciplines, for the purpose of structural monitoring of subsea power cables during onshore evaluation testing. The NDE methods were: i) thermography, ii) eddy current testing (ECT), iii) spread spectrum time domain reflectometry (SSTDR). The methods are assessed with regards to the information that could be obtained from both a static and oscillating cable in pilot physical tests. The results of the testing were promising, with cable motions and interlayer movements being detected by all techniques to various degrees.

show abstract

Section: Sstdrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sstdrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fault Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Non-destructive examination (NDE) methods for dynamic subsea cables for offshore renewable energy

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…RF measurements technics are routinely used to assess the quality of cables, packages, PCB, and interconnects [10], [11], or to estimate parasitic elements [12]. Using Spread-Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry (SSTDR), Furse, Kahn, et al [13] have been able to monitor the degradation of power electronics components and systems, including a discrete switching cell processing a low power. The SSTDR system was connected to the gate of the transistors [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Condition monitoring of power module using S-parameters, TDR, and TDT

Pascal

Daschner

Liserre

et al. 2022

Microelectronics Reliability

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…In some applications, a vector-network-analyzer (VNA) or an inductor-capacitance-resistance (LCR) meter is used to measure the frequency-dependent parameters, e.g., the reflection and transmission coefficients. However, a VNA or an LCR meter typically cannot safely measure on energized system with the voltage and/or current above a specific threshold [25][26][27]. Commercial grade PV modules produce a voltage and current level that is higher than the allowable limit for testing using a VNA or LCR meter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry (Sstdr) Digital Twin Simulation of Photovoltaic Systems for Fault Detection and Location

Kingston¹,

Flamme²,

Saleh³

et al. 2021

PIER B

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Utilizing spread spectrum time domain reflectometry (SSTDR) to detect, locate, and characterize faults in photovoltaic (PV) systems is examined in this paper. We present a method to obtain the model parameters that are needed to produce digital twin SSTDR responses for PV systems. The digital twin SSTDR responses could be used to predict faults within the PV systems. The model parameters are the reflection and transmission coefficients at each impedance discontinuity in the PV system along with the propagation coefficients across each PV cable segment. We obtain model parameter by applying inverse modeling techniques to experimental SSTDR data associated with PV systems. Our model parameters can be used in any digital twin simulation method for modeling reflectometry in frequency-dependent and complex loads. For validation, we used the model parameters in a graph network simulation engine and adapted it to be used for SSTDR digital twin simulations in PV systems. We produced simulations for 0 to 10 PV modules connected in series. We also simulated SSTDR responses for open circuit disconnections in a PV setup containing 10 PV modules in series. Results show that all but one simulated disconnect locations match experimental disconnection locations of the same setup with an error of less than 5%.

show abstract

A SSTDR Methodology, Implementations, and Challenges

Cited by 19 publications

References 110 publications

Non-destructive examination (NDE) methods for dynamic subsea cables for offshore renewable energy

Non-destructive examination (NDE) methods for dynamic subsea cables for offshore renewable energy

Condition monitoring of power module using S-parameters, TDR, and TDT

Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry (Sstdr) Digital Twin Simulation of Photovoltaic Systems for Fault Detection and Location

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About