Spread of Classic BSE Prions from the Gut via the Peripheral Nervous System to the Brain

Kaatz, Martin; Fast, Christine; Ziegler, Ute; Balkema‐Buschmann, Anne; Hammerschmidt, Bärbel; Keller, Markus; Oelschlegel, Anja M.; McIntyre, Leila; Groschup, Martin H.

doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.05.001

Cited by 70 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…It is assumed that infectivity could accumulate as early as the ileal Peyer"s Patches become positive and persist until clinical onset. Kaatz et al (2012) reported positive bioassay results in TgBov XV mice inoculated with autonomic nerves (vagus cervical and thoracic nerves) and autonomic ganglia (CMGC and mesenteriale caudale) collected from cattle orally challenged with BSE and killed at various time points months post inoculation. It is assumed that the pattern and titre of infectivity detected in the vagus nerves and ganglia can be used to represent the overall pattern and titre in mesenteric nerves and CMGC.…”

Section: Estimating the Infectivity Titre In Mesenteric Nerves And Cmgcmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Estimated titres of infectivity in cervical and thoracic vagus nerve and CMGC and ganglion MC, from original data described within Kaatz et al (2012), and the linear regression line representing the mean titre…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The maximum titre used in the risk assessment represents the upper confidence of data for the only clinical animal as measured by Kaatz et al, 2012, representing the most biologically plausible method of calculation using that dataset. For the sciatic, facial and radial nerves measured in Buschmann et al, (2005) the mean titre of infectivity was estimated as -3.1 (-3.6, -2.7) RIII mouse i.c.…”

Section: Scenario 1: Upper Infectivity Titre Of Mesenteric Nerves Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lower estimates were derived from sciatic, radial and facial nerves (Buschmann et al, 2005), whereas high estimates can be derived from the upper confidence intervals of cervical and thoracic vagus nerve and CGMC estimated titre (Kaatz et al, 2012). By running a scenario using the lower estimates, produced an estimated decrease of 16% in the total baseline annual infectivity in the EU27.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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TSE infectivity model (TSEi) in animal tissues: Bovine intestines and mesenteries

Adkin

Simons

Arnold

2014

EFSA Supporting Publications

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A stochastic quantitative risk assessment (QRA) has been developed to (1) compare the level of infectivity of different TSE agents in animal tissues, (2) estimate the impact of amendments to the list/age for the removal of SRM on residual TSE infectivity levels for a single infected animal and at the country level per year, and (3) estimate the impact of certain processing technologies on residual TSE infectivity in selected animal tissues or products. In this report the QRA is focused on bovine intestines and mesentery. The tissue types identified for quantitative modelling are: ileum, duodenum, jejunum, caecum, colon, mesenteric lymph nodes, mesenteric nerves and the celiac and mesenteric ganglion complex (CMGC). Of these tissues processed products include bovine intestines (duodenum, jejunum, caecum, and colon) used to produce sausage casings and the rendering of fats from mesentery tissues. The ileum is not processed for human consumption. This report describes the model approach taken together with the parameterization for each tissue type conceptually divided into five different components: surveillance, abattoir, SRM, processing, and infectivity. Both uncertainty and variability associated with input data have been included separately in the model where estimates are known. A baseline model has been completed using surveillance and demographic data from 2012. Two case studies are also provided, the retrospective analysis of the estimated amount of infectivity in the healthy slaughter and emergency slaughter streams by age at slaughter (2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011), and the amount of infectivity accumulating during a theoretical reemergence of BSE. Results are provided based on the current parameterization and include associated quantifiable uncertainty and variability. When developing the risk assessment a number of assumptions were made which need to be considered when reviewing results.© Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Weybridge, United Kingdom, 2014 KEY WORDSBovine Spongiform Encephalopathies, BSE, risk assessment, mathematical model, bovine intestines, mesentery tissues DISCLAIMERThe present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European Food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors. The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the a...

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Section: Estimating the Infectivity Titre In Mesenteric Nerves And Cmgcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Scenario 1: Upper Infectivity Titre Of Mesenteric Nerves Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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TSE infectivity model (TSEi) in animal tissues: Bovine intestines and mesenteries

Adkin

Simons

Arnold

2014

EFSA Supporting Publications

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“…Prions are impervious to processes that disintegrate nucleic acid and are responsible for the acquired form of neurodegenerative disease [124]. Typically, prions are often found in most vulnerable parts of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and bone marrow [125,126]. In cattle, the symptoms of BSE are: change in temperament, aggression, lack of coordination, reduced milk yield and loss of appetite.…”

Section: Concerns Associated With the Use Of Inedible By-productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential of Animal By-Products in Food Systems: Production, Prospects and Challenges

et al. 2017

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Abstract:The consumption of animal by-products has continued to witness tremendous growth over the last decade. This is due to its potential to combat protein malnutrition and food insecurity in many countries. Shortly after slaughter, animal by-products are separated into edible or inedible parts. The edible part accounts for 55% of the production while the remaining part is regarded as inedible by-products (IEBPs). These IEBPs can be re-processed into sustainable products for agricultural and industrial uses. The efficient utilization of animal by-products can alleviate the prevailing cost and scarcity of feed materials, which have high competition between animals and humans. This will also aid in reducing environmental pollution in the society. In this regard, proper utilization of animal by-products such as rumen digesta can result in cheaper feed, reduction in competition and lower cost of production. Over the years, the utilization of animal by-products such as rumen digesta as feed in livestock feed has been successfully carried out without any adverse effect on the animals. However, there are emerging gaps that need to be further addressed regarding the food security and sustainability of the products. Therefore, the objective of this review highlights the efficacy and effectiveness of using animal by-products as alternative sources of feed ingredients, and the constraints associated with their production to boost livestock performance in the industry at large.

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Preparation and Immunostaining of the Myenteric Plexus of Prion-Infected Mice

Ellett

Lawson

2017

Prions

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Intracerebral inoculation of mice with the M1000 strain of mouse-adapted human prions results in the consistent accumulation of PrP in the ileum of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of mice with clinical signs of prion disease. The accumulation of PrP in the ileum is accompanied by caspase activation and loss of immunoreactivity in subpopulations of neurons in the enteric nervous system. This suggests that like neurons in the central nervous system, cells in the enteric nervous system are also susceptible to prion-induced toxicity. In this chapter we describe the immunostaining of cells in myenteric plexus preparations of whole mounts prepared from the gastrointestinal tract of prion-infected mice.

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Spread of Classic BSE Prions from the Gut via the Peripheral Nervous System to the Brain

Cited by 70 publications

References 32 publications

TSE infectivity model (TSEi) in animal tissues: Bovine intestines and mesenteries

TSE infectivity model (TSEi) in animal tissues: Bovine intestines and mesenteries

The Potential of Animal By-Products in Food Systems: Production, Prospects and Challenges

Preparation and Immunostaining of the Myenteric Plexus of Prion-Infected Mice

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