Spread of Canine Influenza A(H3N2) Virus, United States

Voorhees, Ian E. H.; Glaser, Amy L.; Toohey-Kurth, Kathy; Newbury, Sandra; Dalziel, Benjamin D.; Dubovi, Edward J.; Poulsen, Keith P.; Leutenegger, Christian M.; Willgert, Katriina; Brisbane-Cohen, Laura; Richardson-Lopez, Jill; Holmes, Edward C.; Parrish, Colin R.

doi:10.3201/eid2312.170246

Cited by 79 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) emerged in dogs in China or Korea around 2005 and was first reported in 2008, followed by China and Thailand (Bunpapong et al., ; Li et al., ; Song et al., ). In February 2015, H3N2 CIV was also reported in Chicago, USA (Voorhees et al., ). By May 2015, H3N2 CIV was found in eastern and south‐eastern USA (Voorhees et al., ), with over 1,000 dogs infected (Sun et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…CIV was also reported in Chicago, USA (Voorhees et al, 2017). By May 2015, H3N2 CIV was found in eastern and south-eastern USA (Voorhees et al, 2017), with over 1,000 dogs infected .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…CIV was also reported in Chicago, USA (Voorhees et al, 2017). By May 2015, H3N2 CIV was found in eastern and south-eastern USA (Voorhees et al, 2017), with over 1,000 dogs infected . Since that time, H3N2 CIV has established as an enzootic virus in pet dogs and sheltered dogs throughout South-East Asia and in the United States, causing occasional epizootics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

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Emergence and adaptation of H3N2 canine influenza virus from avian influenza virus: An overlooked role of dogs in interspecies transmission

Zhu

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) originated from avian species and emerged in dogs in Asia around 2005 where it became enzootic before reaching the USA in 2015. To investigate the key aspects of the evolution of H3N2 CIV regarding its emergence and adaptation in the canine host, we conducted an extensive analysis of all publicly available H3N2 CIV sequences spanning a 10‐year period. We believe that H3N2 AIVs transferred to canines around 2002–2004. Furthermore, H3N2 CIVs could be divided into seven major clades with strong geographic clustering and some changed sites evidence of adaptive evolution. Most notably, the dN/dS of each H3N2 CIVs segment was higher than the correspondent of H3N2 AIVs and the U content of HA and NA was increasing over time, suggesting the idea that this avian‐origin virus may be gradually adapting to the host. Our results provide a framework to elucidate a general mechanism for emergence of novel influenza viruses.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…CIV was also reported in Chicago, USA (Voorhees et al, 2017). By May 2015, H3N2 CIV was found in eastern and south-eastern USA (Voorhees et al, 2017), with over 1,000 dogs infected .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Emergence and adaptation of H3N2 canine influenza virus from avian influenza virus: An overlooked role of dogs in interspecies transmission

Zhu

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…Another CIV, subtype H3N2, has been circulating among dogs in southeastern Asia since 2007, with a seroprevalence of up to 33%. H3N2 CIV has also been associated with outbreaks of respiratory disease in dogs in the USA since 2015 (Voorhees et al, 2017). These two influenza A subtypes are unique in that they are both efficiently transmitted horizontally among co-mingled dogs and both cause respiratory disease in susceptible dogs, with morbidity rates as high as 80%.…”

Section: Biology and Pathophysiology Of Pathogens In Cirdcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aetiology of Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex and Prevalence of its Pathogens in Europe

Day

Carey

Clercx

et al. 2020

Journal of Comparative Pathology

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The canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC) is an endemic worldwide syndrome involving multiple viral and bacterial pathogens. Traditionally, Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb), canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), canine distemper virus (CDV), canine herpesvirus (CHV) and canine parainfluenza virus (CPiV) were considered the major causative agents. Lately, new pathogens have been implicated in the development of CIRDC, namely canine influenza virus (CIV), canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), canine pneumovirus (CnPnV), Mycoplasma cynos and Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus. To better understand the role of the different pathogens in the development of CIRDC and their epidemiological relevance in Europe, prevalence data were collected from peerreviewed publications and summarized. Evidence of exposure to Bb is frequently found in healthy and diseased dogs and client-owned dogs are as likely to be infected as kennelled dogs. Co-infections with viral pathogens are common. The findings confirm that Bb is an important cause of CIRDC in Europe. CAV-2 and CDV recovery rates from healthy and diseased dogs are low and the most likely explanation for this is control through vaccination. Seroconversion to CHV can be demonstrated following CIRDC outbreaks and CHV has been detected in the lower respiratory tract of diseased dogs. There is some evidence that CHV is not a primary cause of CIRDC, but opportunistically re-activates at the time of infection and exacerbates the disease. The currently available data suggest that CIV is, at present, neither a prevalent nor a significant pathogen in Europe. CPiV remains an important pathogen in CIRDC and facilitates co-infection with other viral and bacterial pathogens. CnPnV and CRCoV are important new elements in the aetiology of CIRDC and spread particularly well in multi-dog establishments. M. cynos is common in Europe and is more likely to occur in younger and kennelled dogs. This organism is frequently found together with other CIRDC pathogens and is significantly associated with more severe respiratory signs. S. zooepidemicus infection is not common and appears to be a particular problem in kennels. Protective immunity against respiratory diseases is rarely complete, and generally only a reduction in clinical signs and excretion of pathogen can be achieved through vaccination. However, even vaccines that only reduce and do not prevent infection carry epidemiological advantages. They reduce spread, increase herd immunity and decrease usage of antimicrobials. Recommending vaccination of dogs against pathogens of CIRDC will directly provide epidemiological advantages to the population and the individual dog.

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“…In 2015, an outbreak of CIV was noted in Chicago, Illinois caused by an H3N2 influenza subtype that is genetically similar to a strain previously reported in South East Asia, suspected to be the result of a mutated avian influenza virus that has now adapted to the dog. 66 Since 2015, this strain of CIV has spread throughout the United States, 66 and reintroductions from Asia have resulted in the appearance of additional outbreaks.…”

Section: Canine Influenza Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%