Spray volume and fungicide rates for citrus black spot control based on tree canopy volume

Silva, Geraldo José da; Scapin, Marcelo da Silva; Silva, Flávio Pinto; Silva, Antonio Reinaldo Pinto; Behlau, Franklin; Ramos, Hamilton Humberto

doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2016.03.014

Cited by 48 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The most effective strategy for control of CBS is the fungicide application during the period of fruit susceptibility (Lanza et al ., ; Makowski et al ., ; Schutte et al ., ). The main fungicides used are strobilurins (quinone outside inhibitors, QoI), dithiocarbamates and fixed copper (multisite activity), and methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC), which may be applied singly or in mixtures with mineral oil (Dewdney et al ., ; Kellerman and Kotze, ; Kotze, , ; Miles et al ., ; Schutte et al ., , ; Silva‐Junior et al ., , 2016b). Sprays of QoI fungicides may reduce CBS symptoms by almost 100%, becoming one of the most valuable solutions for disease control (Dewdney et al ., ; Fogliata et al ., ; Miles et al ., ; Schutte et al ., ; Silva‐Junior et al ., ).…”

Section: Disease Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typically, two to five spray rounds (dependent on citrus type and climate suitability of the production region for CBS) of mancozeb or copper‐based fungicides alone, or in mixture with MBC or QoI plus oil, are applied in South Africa, using high volumes from 6000 to 16 000 L/ha (Moyo et al ., ; Schutte et al ., , , ). In Brazil, where conditions are much more favourable for CBS (Magarey et al ., ), a longer period of fruit protection is required (Lanza et al ., ; Silva‐Junior et al ., , 2016b). Two copper sprays are performed after petal fall, between September and November with a 21‐ to 28‐day interval, not only for CBS, but also to control other citrus diseases, followed by two to four QoI applications, performed with a 35‐ to 42‐day interval.…”

Section: Disease Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This programme protects the fruit for 180–220 days until March or up to May. The spray volume is around 75 mL of spray mixture/m 3 of the tree canopy, based on the tree‐row‐volume (TRV) concept (Lanza et al ., ; Silva‐Junior et al ., , 2016b). In the USA, the control programme has been based on fungicide efficacy results from other countries.…”

Section: Disease Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phyllosticta citricarpa and sister species of global importance to Citrus

Guarnaccia

Gehrmann

Silva

et al. 2019

Molecular Plant Pathology

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Summary Several Phyllosticta species are known as pathogens of Citrus spp., and are responsible for various disease symptoms including leaf and fruit spots. One of the most important species is P. citricarpa, which causes a foliar and fruit disease called citrus black spot. The Phyllosticta species occurring on citrus can most effectively be distinguished from P. citricarpa by means of multilocus DNA sequence data. Recent studies also demonstrated P. citricarpa to be heterothallic, and reported successful mating in the laboratory. Since the domestication of citrus, different clones of P. citricarpa have escaped Asia to other continents via trade routes, with obvious disease management consequences. This pathogen profile represents a comprehensive literature review of this pathogen and allied taxa associated with citrus, focusing on identification, distribution, genomics, epidemiology and disease management. This review also considers the knowledge emerging from seven genomes of Phyllosticta spp., demonstrating unknown aspects of these species, including their mating behaviour. Taxonomy Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlpine) Aa, 1973. Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota, Class Dothideomycetes, Order Botryosphaeriales, Family Phyllostictaceae, Genus Phyllosticta, Species citricarpa. Host range Confirmed on more than 12 Citrus species, Phyllosticta citricarpa has only been found on plant species in the Rutaceae. Disease symptoms P. citricarpa causes diverse symptoms such as hard spot, virulent spot, false melanose and freckle spot on fruit, and necrotic lesions on leaves and twigs. Useful websites DOE Joint Genome Institute MycoCosm portals for the Phyllosticta capitalensis (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phycap1), P. citriasiana (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phycit1), P. citribraziliensis (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phcit1), P. citrichinaensis (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phcitr1), P. citricarpa (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phycitr1, https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phycpc1), P. paracitricarpa (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phy27169) genomes. All available Phyllosticta genomes on MycoCosm can be viewed at https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phyllosticta.

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Section: Disease Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Disease Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Disease Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Phyllosticta citricarpa and sister species of global importance to Citrus

Guarnaccia

Gehrmann

Silva

et al. 2019

Molecular Plant Pathology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In this sense, several studies have shown that reducing spray volume does not decrease the efficacy of the application against citrus pests with different biology: citrus rust mite Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) [13,14], citrus mealybug Planococcus citri Risso [15], California red scale Aonidiella aurantii Maskell [15,16], citricola scale Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana) [17], Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton [18]. It has also been demonstrated that it is possible to reduce the volume of applications without affecting the control of fungal (citrus black spot caused by Phyllosticta citricarpa [19]) and bacterial (citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri subsp. Citri [20]) diseases.…”

Section: Of 24mentioning

confidence: 99%

CitrusVol Validation for the Adjustment of Spray Volume in Treatments against Tetranychus urticae in Clementines

et al. 2019

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The optimization of the water volume used to apply pesticides with airblast sprayers is key to reducing water footprint, costs, operational time and drift of pesticides. This study evaluated a new tool (CitrusVol) that adjusts the spray volume to the characteristics of the vegetation and the pesticide used to control the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae in clementine trees. This mite is one of the main citrus pests because it damages fruit before harvest. For this aim, a total of 20 applications against T. urticae were evaluated during two consecutive years in seven commercial orchards. In these orchards, we evaluated: (i) the distribution of the spray in tree canopies, (ii) pest density before and after the treatment, and (iii) fruit damage at harvest when conventional volumes and volumes adjusted with CitrusVol were applied. On average, CitrusVol reduced 36% the water volume used to control T. urticae in the 20 applications. This reduction in the spray volume involved a decrease in the coverage in some parts of the canopy. However, T. urticae density and fruit damage at harvest were similar in trees treated with the adjusted volume calculated with CitrusVol and the volume used by the owners of the orchard. Therefore, the spray volume recommended by CitrusVol is adequate to control T. urticae in clementines.

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“…Copper levels increased in soil (0 -20 cm) and leaves in both experiments in the third year, compared to the second year, when the phytosanitary management with copper-based pesticides application started (p < 0.05; Figures 1 and 2). Frequent spraying of copper-based pesticides in citrus orchards is required to control leaf and floral diseases, such as post-bloom fruit drop, Alternaria brown spot, black spot and citrus canker (Silva Jr. et al 2016;Behlau et al 2017). However, copper-based pesticides deliver Cu in an insoluble form, such as copper hydroxide or oxychloride (Behlau et al 2017), which may hinder the metal uptake by plants (Boaretto et al 2003;Favaro et al 2017).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Copper supply and fruit yield of young Citrus trees: fertiliser sources and application methods

et al. 2018

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This study aimed to evaluate the fertiliser sources and application methods of copper (Cu) in citrus trees during the first years of fruit production. Two experiments were set up in an orchard with 3-year-old sweet orange trees, which were applied with three sources of Cu (nitrate, sulfate or EDTA) either via fertigation (Experiment 1) or via foliar sprays (Experiment 2). Regardless of the fertiliser source, Cu application via fertigation was not efficacious to increase the micronutrient concentration in leaves and, consequently, did not affect fruit yield. Conversely, foliar application of Cu, either as nitrate or sulfate, increased

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Spray volume and fungicide rates for citrus black spot control based on tree canopy volume

Cited by 48 publications

References 26 publications

Phyllosticta citricarpa and sister species of global importance to Citrus

Phyllosticta citricarpa and sister species of global importance to Citrus

CitrusVol Validation for the Adjustment of Spray Volume in Treatments against Tetranychus urticae in Clementines

Copper supply and fruit yield of young Citrus trees: fertiliser sources and application methods

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