Spray coating of the PCBM electron transport layer significantly improves the efficiency of p-i-n planar perovskite solar cells

Zheng, Yifan; Kong, Jaemin; Huang, Di; Shi, Wei; McMillon‐Brown, Lyndsey; Katz, Howard E.; Yu, Junsheng; Taylor, André D.

doi:10.1039/c8nr01763h

Cited by 79 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…In PPSCs, each layer has an important influence on the device's performance . Many strategies have been adopted to optimize the performance of planar p–i–n PSCs such as perovskite crystalline regulation, design of new perovskite component, geomorphology control, and modification of the charge carriers transport layers . Generally, PEDOT:PSS is fabricated upon the transparent anode to realize smooth surface and regulate the energy level between the perovskite layer and electrode.…”

Section: Structural Influence On the Stability Of Pscsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Perovskites Solar Cell Stability

Wang

Mujahid

Duan

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

959

849

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the perovskite material onto transparent substrates covered with a compact TiO 2 layer and an optional mesoporous TiO 2 (or Al 2 O 3 ) scaffold layer. [34] The p-i-n structure, which involves depositing the perovskite material onto transparent substrates which are covered with an HTL, such as the poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonic acid (PEDOT:PSS). [35] So far, PSCs based on both mesoporous and planar structure exhibit high performance and stability, however, the comparison of the advantages of two different strucutres in stability is still under debate. [36] Mesoporous Perovskite Solar CellsRecently, a new generation of photovoltaic converters, mesoporous solar cell [37] has attracted more consideration due to their low material cost, simple fabrication process, high energy conversion efficiencies, [38] like dye-sensitized solar cell, [38c] and mesoporous perovskite solar cell. [5a,21,39] PCE up to 9.7% has been achieved by using CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 (MAPbI 3 ) perovskite nanocrystals as the light absorber to fabricate a solid-state MPSC. [21] After that the research focuses on solid-state MSCs began to transfer from DSSCs to MPSCs. [32a,40] In an MPSC, a compact layer is usually deposited on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) layer, which usually extracts electrons and block holes. Three strategies are broadly used for depositing the TiO 2 layer: 1) Spin-coating the colloidal dispersion of TiO 2 nanoparticles followed by a thermal treatment (titanium source: TiCl 4 , [41] titanium isopropoxide, [42] tetra-n-butyl-titanate; [43] 2) spin-coating titanium precursor solutions followed by a thermal treatment (titanium source: TiCl 4 , [44] titanium isopropoxide, [23] titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate) 12 ); 3) spray pyrolysis deposition (titanium source: titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylaceto nate) 18 ). [45] Low-temperature sintering approaches to prepare an

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Section: Structural Influence On the Stability Of Pscsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Perovskites Solar Cell Stability

Wang

Mujahid

Duan

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

959

849

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The most commonly used ETL in i‐PSC is a small organic molecule of [6,6]‐phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), which has some defects to restrain the efficiency of i‐PSCs. The thin PCBM layer hardly forms a continuous film on the rough surface over large perovskite grains, resulting in severe nonradiative recombination due to the direct contact between the cathode and perovskite absorber . Thermal evaporation of LiF or bathocuproine to fill the cavities in the thin PCBM layer to solve this problem adds not only complications of the fabrication process but also cost.…”

Section: Summary Of the Parameters For Inverted Perovskite Devices Wimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is apparent that PCBM does not completely cover the perovskite surface, and there are some cavities/gaps in the PCBM layer due to inhomogeneous film formation . The moving metal atoms will insert these openings during the electrode fabrication process, leading to severe carrier recombination because of direct contact between perovskite and cathode . The conjugated polymer of PCDTBT is employed to improve the film formation of pristine PCBM, and their molecular structures are shown in Figure S1, Supporting Information.…”

Section: Summary Of the Parameters For Inverted Perovskite Devices Wimentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Performance Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells by Reducing Electron Capture Region for Electron Transport Layers

et al. 2019

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The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of inverted perovskite solar cells (i‐PSCs) is lower than that of the normal structures. The low efficiency is mainly ascribed to the inferior properties of commonly used [6,6]‐phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) electron transport layers (ETLs) such as complexity in achieving high‐quality films, low electron mobility, imperfect energy level for electron extraction, and large electron capture region. Herein, the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) ETLs composed of PCBM and polymers are developed. The electron mobility of the BHJ film is enhanced by more than three times compared with PCBM, leading to efficient electron extraction. The electron capture region of the BHJ film decreases to 1.20 × 10−18 from 3.70 × 10−17 cm−3 for PCBM due to increased relative permittivity, which reduces the trap‐assistant recombination at the interface. Meanwhile, the devices with BHJ exhibit good stability regardless of illumination and dark storage conditions owing to the more hydrophobic BHJ films and full coverage of perovskite surface, which effectively prevent the moisture permeation into the perovskite devices. It is believed that this breakthrough provides a suitable approach to improve the efficiency and stability of i‐PSCs.

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“…High performance PSC has been fabricated by scalable process such as blade coating, slot‐die coating and spray coating. [ 8–14 ] However, most of studies concentrated on the perovskite layer processing in controlled environment. Only limited reports are on the scalable process operated in ambient air.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward All Slot‐Die Fabricated High Efficiency Large Area Perovskite Solar Cell Using Rapid Near Infrared Heating in Ambient Air

Huang

Guan

Lee

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

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However, the impressive high PCE was obtained from small area cell (<1 cm 2) using non-up-scalable spin coating method in nitrogen. [1-3] To make commercially viable PSC, the development of low cost and large area fabrication process in ambient air is imperative. Many processes are available in industry for largescale area coating such as dip coating, blade coating, and slot-die coating, etc. Among them, the slot-die coating is preferable because the precision control of coating thickness and solution usage (i.e., minimum wastage of material). [4-7] The slot-die coating is also suitable to be adopted for continuously process which can reduce the cost of manufacturing even further. High performance PSC has been fabricated by scalable process such as blade coating, slot-die coating and spray coating. [8-14] However, most of studies concentrated on the perovskite layer processing in controlled environment. Only limited reports are on the scalable process operated in ambient air. [15-18] The commonly used architecture of p-in PSCs contains four layers deposited by solution process, and those four layers include hole transport layer (HTL), light absorption perovskite layer, electron transport layer (ETL) and work function modifier layer (WFL). First, all the solvents used in the processing of each layer should be nontoxic for the scalable process. [19-21] Then the balance among suitable chemical composition of each layer, solvent type, film morphology control, compatibility between layers, the stability of each layers to have a workable ambient air processing system is quite challenge in terms of science and engineering. The film morphology and compatibility of each layer of PSCs are controlled by the chemical compositions of each layer and processing condition. For the perovskite layer, the film morphology is determined by the kinetic rate of solvent evaporation and crystallization. [22-23] For spin coating, most of the solvents are removed rapidly by the coater rotation and the anti-solvent dripping. [24] However, the rate of the solvent evaporation of slot-die coating is lower than that of spin coating. [17,25-26] The strategies such as anti-solvent bath, gas quenching and pre-heat substrate method are adopted to increase the rate of solvent evaporation. [11,27-31] Although the high PCE devices can be achieved, the results are only performed on small-area substrate. If the Currently, high-efficiency perovskite solar cells are mainly fabricated by the spin-coating process, which limits the possibility of commercial mass-production of perovskite solar cells. In this work, the slot-die coating process is combined with near-infrared irradiation heating to quickly manufacture perovskite solar cells in air. The composition of the perovskite precursor solution is tuned by adding n-butanol, with its low boiling point and low surface tension, to increase the near-infrared energy absorption, facilitate the evaporation of the solvent system and film formation, and accelerate the crystallization of perovskite. High-quality uni...

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Spray coating of the PCBM electron transport layer significantly improves the efficiency of p-i-n planar perovskite solar cells

Cited by 79 publications

References 56 publications

A Review of Perovskites Solar Cell Stability

A Review of Perovskites Solar Cell Stability

High‐Performance Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells by Reducing Electron Capture Region for Electron Transport Layers

Toward All Slot‐Die Fabricated High Efficiency Large Area Perovskite Solar Cell Using Rapid Near Infrared Heating in Ambient Air

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