Sportsmedicine Care in Chicago-Area High Schools

Porter, Marianne; Noble, H. Bates; Bachman, David; Hoover, Richard L.

doi:10.1080/00913847.1980.11948564

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Although high schools have been encouraged to hire certified athletic trainers (ATs) to improve medical care, * no authors have examined whether a relationship between athletic training services and improved medical care actually exists in the high school setting. Additionally, evidence suggests that other factors, such as school size, 15,18,19,[24][25][26][27] a school's proximity to a medical center, 24,26 a school's public or private status, 5,15,21,23 a school's sports medicine supply budget, 15,17,33 a school's setting, 21,23 and the socioeconomic status of the students in a school, 5,21,23 may play a role in the medical care and coverage variations among high schools. Anecdotally, other factors, such as the success of a school's football program and the region of the state in which a school is located, have been linked to differences in the care given, although no evidence exists in the literature to support this claim.…”

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Key Factors for Providing Appropriate Medical Care in Secondary School Athletics: Athletic Training Services and Budget

Wham

Saunders

Mensch

2010

Journal of Athletic Training

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, SC. Dr Wham is now at Pelion High School, Pelion, SC.Context: Research suggests that appropriate medical care for interscholastic athletes is frequently lacking. However, few investigators have examined factors related to care.Objective: To examine medical care provided by interscholastic athletics programs and to identify factors associated with variations in provision of care.Design: Cross-sectional study.Setting: Mailed and e-mailed survey.Patients or Other Participants: One hundred sixty-six South Carolina high schools.Intervention(s): The 132-item Appropriate Medical Care Assessment Tool (AMCAT) was developed and pilot tested. It included 119 items assessing medical care based on the Appropriate Medical Care for Secondary School-Age Athletes (AMCSSAA) Consensus Statement and Monograph (test-retest reliability: r 5 0.89). Also included were items assessing potential influences on medical care. Presence, source, and number of athletic trainers; school size; distance to nearest medical center; public or private status; sports medicine supply budget; and varsity football regional championships served as explanatory variables, whereas the school setting, region of state, and rate of free or reduced lunch qualifiers served as control variables.Main Outcome Measure(s): The Appropriate Care Index (ACI) score from the AMCAT provided a quantitative measure of medical care and served as the response variable. The ACI score was determined based on a school's response to items relating to AMCSSAA guidelines.Results: Regression analysis revealed associations with ACI score for athletic training services and sports medicine supply budget (both P , .001) when controlling for the setting, region, and rate of free or reduced lunch qualifiers. These 2 variables accounted for 30% of the variance in ACI score (R 2 5 0.302). Post hoc analysis showed differences between ACI score based on the source of the athletic trainer and the size of the sports medicine supply budget.Conclusions: The AMCAT offers an evaluation of medical care provided by interscholastic athletics programs. In South Carolina schools, athletic training services and the sports medicine supply budget were associated with higher levels of medical care. These results offer guidance for improving the medical care provided for interscholastic athletes.Key Words: high schools, administration, interscholastic athletes Key Points N Athletic training services and the medical care provided by South Carolina high schools were significantly associated. N The size of the South Carolina high school's annual sports medicine supply budget predicted the medical care provided to its athletes.

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Key Factors for Providing Appropriate Medical Care in Secondary School Athletics: Athletic Training Services and Budget

Wham

Saunders

Mensch

2010

Journal of Athletic Training

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“…We found a few other national studies that have assessed physician and certified AT presence on the sideline. ‖ In 1980, Porter et al 26 looked at both private and public high schools and found that only 42.4% of schools had a physician on the sideline. When these investigators looked specifically at Chicago public high schools, physicians were found to be on the sideline 12.5% of the time and ATs 10% of the time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

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Medical Supervision of High School Athletics in Chicago: A Follow-up Study

Jones

Wieschhaus

Martin

et al. 2019

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Background: High school sports participation in the United States has increased dramatically over the past 25 years. A corresponding increase in the number of injuries has been noted, particularly in contact sports such as football. This has led medical and sports organizations nationwide to advocate for proper medical supervision of athletes at games and practices. Purpose: To gather information from Chicago public high schools to gauge how medical supervision for high school sports has changed in 2017 compared with 2003. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Survey questionnaires were sent to the athletic directors of all 99 Chicago public high schools to complete via email. The questionnaire survey contained the same questions as in a survey conducted in 2003 by Tonino and Bollier, with the addition of 4 novel questions relating to emergency action plans (EAPs), automated external defibrillators, concussion management policy, and tackling progression drills. Results: The response rate was 66.67% (66/99 schools). Of the 66 responding schools, all with football programs, no school had a physician on the sideline at home games (decrease from 10.6% in 2003), 37.9% had an athletic trainer present (increase from 8.5% in 2003), and 63.6% had a paramedic available (decrease from 89.4% in 2003). In 2017, 65.6% of responding schools had a coach certified in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) available at practice to handle medical problems, compared with 89.4% in 2003 ( P < .001). Regarding the 4 novel questions, 93.9% of the responding schools had proper tackling progression drills in place, followed by 89.1% who had appropriate EAPs and 93.9% with concussion management protocols, including return-to-play and return-to-learn protocols. Conclusion: Although significant improvement was found in athletic trainer coverage, especially at games, physician coverage was lacking and fewer coaches were certified in CPR in 2017 compared with 2003. EAPs and concussion management protocols were present in most Chicago public high schools. Overall, greater medical supervision is needed, which we believe should come in the form of increased athletic training and physician involvement and coverage, given that expert, expedited medical care saves lives.

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“…Evidence that does exist is limited to isolated state-based or city-based analyses of practice. 10,11,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] We are the first to describe national practice trends in secondary school athletic training.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The National Sports Safety in Secondary Schools Benchmark (N4SB) Study: Defining Athletic Training Practice Characteristics

McLeod

Bliven

Lam

et al. 2013

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Increased rates of sport participation and sportrelated injury have led to greater emphasis on and attention to medical care of student-athletes in the secondary school setting. Access to athletic training services is seen as a critical factor for delivering adequate injury prevention and medical care to student-athletes. However, few data are available regarding practice characteristics of athletic trainers (ATs) in this setting.Objective: To characterize the practices of secondary school athletic trainers (ATs).Design: Descriptive study. Setting: Web-based survey. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 17 558 ATs with current National Athletic Trainers' Association membership were identified for survey distribution. Of these, 4232 ATs indicated that they practiced in the secondary school setting, and 4045 completed some part of the survey.Main Outcome Measure(s): A Web-based survey was used to obtain demographic information about ATs and their secondary schools and characteristics of athletic training practice. Descriptive data regarding the athletic trainer's personal characteristics, secondary school characteristics, and practice patterns are reported as percentages and frequencies.Results: Most respondents were in the early stages of their careers and relatively new to the secondary school practice setting. Nearly two-thirds (62.4%; n ¼ 2522) of respondents had 10 or fewer years of experience as secondary school ATs, 52% (n ¼ 2132) had been certified for 10 or fewer years, and 53.4% (n ¼ 2164) had 10 or fewer years of experience in any practice setting. The majority of respondents (85%) worked in public schools with enrollment of 1000 to 1999 (35.5%) and with football (95.5%). More than half of respondents were employed directly by their school. Most respondents (50.6%) reported an athletic training budget of less than $4000. The majority of ATs performed evaluations (87.5%) on-site all of the time, with a smaller percentage providing treatments (73.3%) or rehabilitation (47.4%) services all of the time.Conclusions: This is the first study to describe secondary school athletic training that reflects national practice trends. To improve the quality of athletic training care and to support and improve current working conditions, the profession must examine how its members practice on a day-to-day basis.

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Sportsmedicine Care in Chicago-Area High Schools

Abstract: Since few high schools have trainers on staff, Ms Porter studied the approach to injury management in 191 schools.

Cited by 15 publications

References 1 publication

Key Factors for Providing Appropriate Medical Care in Secondary School Athletics: Athletic Training Services and Budget

Key Factors for Providing Appropriate Medical Care in Secondary School Athletics: Athletic Training Services and Budget

Medical Supervision of High School Athletics in Chicago: A Follow-up Study

The National Sports Safety in Secondary Schools Benchmark (N4SB) Study: Defining Athletic Training Practice Characteristics

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