Sports medicine: bespoke player management

Stuart, Samuel; Powell, Dylan; Marshall, Steven; Clark, Cain C. T.; Martini, Douglas N.; Johnson, William R.; Godfrey, Alan

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818914-6.00021-1

Cited by 3 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 230 publications

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“…Our findings show that IMUs are the most used wearables for running gait assessments (closely followed by pressure insoles), but most studies have focused on analysing acceleration data only rather than gyroscope and/or magnetometer data [ 11 , 153 ]. However, evidence suggests that the use of all sensor data within a single IMU can improve the accuracy of movement quantification, particularly orientation [ 15 , 27 , 154 – 156 ]. Additionally, IMU accuracy for running gait assessments may have been impacted by the huge variation in sampling frequency and operating range between devices (4–1667 Hz, 2–70 g).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wearable technology offers an alternative to overcome traditional assessment limitations and is becoming increasingly accepted by runners, coaches and clinicians [ 14 ]. Wearables utilising accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers, applied individually or in combination as an inertial measurement unit (IMU), and ‘pressure-sensitive’ insoles allow quantification of a combination of spatiotemporal, kinetic and kinematic variables and have become a viable alternative owing to their portability and affordability [ 15 ]. Evidently, wearable devices can quantify various running gait outcomes in any setting (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wearables for Running Gait Analysis: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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Background Running gait assessment has traditionally been performed using subjective observation or expensive laboratory-based objective technologies, such as three-dimensional motion capture or force plates. However, recent developments in wearable devices allow for continuous monitoring and analysis of running mechanics in any environment. Objective measurement of running gait is an important (clinical) tool for injury assessment and provides measures that can be used to enhance performance. Objectives We aimed to systematically review the available literature investigating how wearable technology is being used for running gait analysis in adults. Methods A systematic search of the literature was conducted in the following scientific databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus. Information was extracted from each included article regarding the type of study, participants, protocol, wearable device(s), main outcomes/measures, analysis and key findings. Results A total of 131 articles were reviewed: 56 investigated the validity of wearable technology, 22 examined the reliability and 77 focused on applied use. Most studies used inertial measurement units (n = 62) [i.e. a combination of accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers in a single unit] or solely accelerometers (n = 40), with one using gyroscopes alone and 31 using pressure sensors. On average, studies used one wearable device to examine running gait. Wearable locations were distributed among the shank, shoe and waist. The mean number of participants was 26 (± 27), with an average age of 28.3 (± 7.0) years. Most studies took place indoors (n = 93), using a treadmill (n = 62), with the main aims seeking to identify running gait outcomes or investigate the effects of injury, fatigue, intrinsic factors (e.g. age, sex, morphology) or footwear on running gait outcomes. Generally, wearables were found to be valid and reliable tools for assessing running gait compared to reference standards. Conclusions This comprehensive review highlighted that most studies that have examined running gait using wearable sensors have done so with young adult recreational runners, using one inertial measurement unit sensor, with participants running on a treadmill and reporting outcomes of ground contact time, stride length, stride frequency and tibial acceleration. Future studies are required to obtain consensus regarding terminology, protocols for testing validity and the reliability of devices and suitability of gait outcomes. Clinical Trial Registration CRD42021235527.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wearables for Running Gait Analysis: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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“…However, there is a lack of evidence for validity, reliability, and application of wearables for running gait assessment [19][20][21][22], with different grades of devices receiving different levels of testing. For example, many commercial devices receive little / no validation testing before commercial launch, whereas research-grade devices that are developed by academic researchers tend to receive validation testing but may not be applied within relevant populations to inform clinical or performance outcomes [18][19][20][21][22]. Therefore, this pilot study aims to examine the validity, reliability, and application of various grades of wearable devices (research-grade, commercially available and novel multi-modal) for running gait assessment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wearables for running gait analysis: A study protocol

Mason,

Godfrey,

Barry

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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Quantitative running gait analysis is an important tool that provides beneficial outcomes to injury risk/recovery or performance assessment. Wearable devices have allowed running gait to be evaluated in any environment (i.e., laboratory or real-world settings), yet there are a plethora of different grades of devices (i.e., research-grade, commercial, or novel multi-modal) available with little information to make informed decisions on selection. This paper outlines a protocol that will examine different grades of wearables for running gait analysis in healthy individuals. Specifically, this pilot study will: 1) examine analytical validity and reliability of wearables (research-grade, commercial, high-end multimodal) within a controlled laboratory setting; 2) examine analytical validation of different grades of wearables in a real-world setting, and 3) explore clinical validation and usability of wearables for running gait analysis (e.g., injury history (previously injured, never injured), performance level (novice, elite) and relationship to meaningful outcomes). The different grades of wearable include: (1) A research-grade device, the Ax6 consists of a configurable tri-axial accelerometer and tri-axial gyroscope with variable sampling capabilities; (2) attainable (low-grade) commercial with proprietary software, the DorsaVi ViMove2 consisting of two, non-configurable IMUs modules, with a fixed sampling rate and (3) novel multimodal high-end system, the DANU Sports System that is a pair of textile socks, that contain silicone based capacitive pressure sensors, and configurable IMU modules with variable sampling rates. Clinical trial registration: Trial registration: NCT05277181.

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“…Wearable technology offers a low-cost (affordable) and lightweight alternative to overcome traditional gait assessment limitations (Stuart et al 2021), with such technology becoming increasingly accepted and adopted by users (sports professionals, patients etc) and clinicians (Willy 2018). The majority of commercial or researchgrade wearables that have previously been used for gait analysis include accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers applied individually or in combination as an inertial measurement unit (IMU) (Tao et al 2012, Mason et al 2022.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…neurological, musculoskeletal, or cardio-pulmonary conditions) (Hulleck et al 2022) and sporting contexts (i.e. performance, fatigue, and injury mechanisms) (Stuart et al 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validity and reliability of the DANU sports system for walking and running gait assessment

Mason,

Barry,

Robinson

et al. 2023

Physiol. Meas.

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Objective: Gait assessments have traditionally been analysed in laboratory settings, but this may not reflect natural gait. Wearable technology may offer an alternative due to its versatility. The purpose of the study was to establish the validity and reliability of temporal gait outcomes calculated by the DANU Sports System, against a 3D motion capture reference system. Approach: Forty-one healthy adults (26M, 15F, age 36.4 ± 11.8 years) completed a series of overground walking and jogging trials and 60s treadmill walking and running trials at various speeds (8-14km/hr), participants returned for a second testing session to repeat the same testing. Main results: For validity, 1406 steps and 613 trials during overground and across all treadmill trials were analysed respectively. Temporal outcomes generated by the DANU Sports System included ground contact time, swing time and stride time and all demonstrated excellent agreement compared to the laboratory reference (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) >0.900), aside from ground contact time during overground jogging which had good agreement (ICC=0.778). For reliability, 666 overground and 511 treadmill trials across all speeds were examined. Test re-test agreement was excellent for all outcomes across treadmill trials (ICC>0.900), except for swing time during treadmill walking which had good agreement (ICC=0.886). Overground trials demonstrated moderate to good test re-test agreement (ICC=0.672-0.750), which may be due to inherent variability of self-selected (rather than treadmill set) pacing between sessions. Significance: Overall, this study showed that temporal gait outcomes from the DANU Sports System had good to excellent validity and moderate to excellent reliability in healthy adults compared to an established laboratory reference.

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Sports medicine: bespoke player management

Cited by 3 publications

References 230 publications

Wearables for Running Gait Analysis: A Systematic Review

Wearables for Running Gait Analysis: A Systematic Review

Wearables for running gait analysis: A study protocol

Validity and reliability of the DANU sports system for walking and running gait assessment

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