Sports anaemia and anthropometric evaluation of footballers at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST)

Abstract

IntroductionSports anaemia is a physiological activity that occurs amongst footballers and may be due to poor diet, over-training, as well as an increase in plasma volume in endurance training activities. High plasma volume leads to changes in haematological parameters that may impact on endurance of footballers. The objective of the study was to determine the correlation between haematological and an-thropometric indices and their role in sports anaemia in a tropical setting.MethodsVenous blood was taken into EDTA for 12 soccer players of KNUST soccer team before training and after training for the first (W1) and fifth (W5) weeks of training sessions. Complete blood count analysis was done for each blood sample and anthropometric parameters such as height, weight, body mass index, body fat percent and lean body mass were also measured. Cross-tabulations with mean and standard deviation or median and range were computed. Paired t-test & and Mann-Whitney test for parametric and non-parametric data computations were carried out and a p-value ≤ 0.05 was taken to rep-resent significant difference between data groups.ResultsThere was significant reduction in haemoglobin (p = 0.003), haematocrit (p = 0.002), mean cell volume (MCV) (p = 0.034) and red blood cell (RBC) count (p = 0.011) as a result of a significant expansion of plasma volume (p= 0.006). Neutrophil, lymphocyte and eosinophil counts were reduced significantly (p= 0.043, 0.001 and 0.007, respectively) after the training at W5. Lean body mass (LBM) inversely correlated with haemoglobin (r = -0.787, p = 0.002) and haematocrit (r = -0.588, p = 0.044). Body fat percentage (BFP) also negatively correlated with lymphocyte count (r = -0.700, p = 0.011). Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between body mass index (BMI) and plasma volume change after the training programme (r = 0.689, p = 0.013).ConclusionThe results suggest that sports anaemia was induced by an increase in plasma volume that resulted in changes in haematological parameters.

Anemia and nutritional aspects in adolescent athletes: a cross-sectional study in a reference sport organization

“…The study by Opoku-Okrah et al 20 assessed anemia among futsal players and reported a reduction in hematological parameters, including hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit and red blood cell count, pointing out that such changes can lead to a condition known as “sport anemia” or “pseudoanemia”. 20 In the present study, there were a large number of athletes practicing futsal and adolescents in this modality were significantly related to the higher frequency of low hemoglobin. Thus, further studies are needed to understand and confirm or not this association.…”

Peran Tingkat Aktivitas Fisik Terhadap Indeks Massa Tubuh (Imt) Pada Pasien Anemia : Suatu Tinjauan Kepustakaan Sistematis

“…Berdasarkan 8 kepustakaan yang dikaji, tiga diantaranya menjelaskan pengaruh aktivitas fisik atau latihan fisik terhadap Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT) [11][12][13] . Dua dari tiga kepustakaan menyatakan bahwa aktivitas fisik menurunkan IMT seseorang 11,13 .…”

“…Empat dari delapan kepustakaan menjelaskan aktivitas fisik pada pasien anemia 12,[14][15][16] . Pada penelitian Tsai dkk didapatkan adanya korelasi antara aktivitas fisik dengan kadar hemoglobin.…”

“…Dari delapan kepustakaan yang dianalisis, terdapat tiga kepustakaan yang menggambarkan hubungan Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT) terhadap anemia 9,12,13 . Pada penelitian Ugwuja dkk menunjukan tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara IMT dengan kadar hemoglobin (p > 0,05) 9 .…”

“…Pada penelitian Ugwuja dkk menunjukan tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara IMT dengan kadar hemoglobin (p > 0,05) 9 . Sejalan dengan penelitian Opoku dkk tidak menunjukan adanya hubungan signifikan antara IMT terhadap kadar hemoglobin pada kelompok subjek yang mendapat intervensi aktivitas fisik berat selama 5 minggu (p = 0,232) 12 . Pada penelitian Cheng dkk yang juga menunjukkan hasil tidak ada hubungan signifikan antara IMT dengan kadar hemoglobin (p=0,907) namun penelitian ini malah menunjukan hubungan yang signifikan pada IMT ≥ 35 kg/m 2 mengalami peningkatan CRP p< 0,001 jika dibandingkan dengan kategori IMT yang lebih rendah 17 .…”