Spontaneous Reversal of a Cardiomyostimulator to Asynchronous Mode

Peteiro, Jesús; Struble, Chester; Vázquez, Nicolás; Castro‐Beiras, Alfonso

doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.1996.tb03341.x

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 1 publication

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“…A cardiomyostimulator used in dynamic cardiomyoplasty can also revert to asynchronous stimulation in response to EMI. 28 Electric reset can be differentiated from battery depletion by telemetry of battery voltage and impedance. When reset is due to EMI, the battery voltage should be normal (approximately 2.8 V) and battery impedance normal or slightly raised according to battery age (Fig.…”

Section: Electric (Power-on) Resetmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interference in Implanted Cardiac Devices, Part I

Pinski

Trohman

2002

Pacing Clinical Electrophis

130

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Classification of Sources of EMI Sources of EMI can be classified according to type and spectral frequency of energy emitted, and the environment in which the source is encountered (Table I). A detailed discussion of the physics of electromagnetic fields is beyond the scope of this review. 3,4 For clinical purposes, it is useful to recognize radiated and conducted sources of EMI. Radiated EMI can result from energy emitted for communication purposes or as an unintended effect of other electrical activity (e.g., motor operation in an electric razor). Electromagnetic fields have both an electric field measured in volts per meter and a magnetic field measured in amperes (A) per meter. Their sources can be broadly divided into radiofrequency waves with frequencies from 0.1 Hz to 100 MHz (e.g., electric power, radio and television transmitter, electrocautery), and microwaves from 100 MHz to 12 GHz (e.g., radar transmitters, cellular telephones, microwave ovens) (Fig. 1). The frequency of EMI determines the efficiency of energy coupling to the device and the resulting effect. The signal may be modulated in amplitude or frequency, and it may occur in bursts or single long pulses. A radiofrequency carrier with amplitude modulation induces voltages in the signal processing and detection circuitry of an implanted device that can be misinterpreted as

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Section: Electric (Power-on) Resetmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interference in Implanted Cardiac Devices, Part I

Pinski

Trohman

2002

Pacing Clinical Electrophis

130

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Characterization of the Magnetic Fields Around Walk-Through and Hand-Held Metal Detectors

Boivin¹,

Coletta²,

Kerr³

2003

Health Physics

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Magnetic field strength measurements were made around eight hand-held and 10 walk-through metal detectors. The method was similar to that used in previous research for Electronic Article Surveillance units except a Cartesian rather than cylindrical coordinate system was used. Special magnetic field probes specifically designed for metal detector measurements were used. A non-metallic positioning apparatus was designed and fabricated. Magnetic field strength measurements were collected on one hand-held metal detector in the laboratory. The remaining data were collected at airport terminals, federal and state government buildings, and a local high school. Walk-through metal detectors had considerably higher magnetic field strengths [up to 299 Am(-1) p-p (3,741 mG)] than hand-held metal detectors [up to 6 Am(-1) p-p (76 mG)]. The frequencies of the magnetic field signal for walk-through detectors were between 0.1 kHz and 3.5 kHz while those for hand-held detectors were between 89 kHz and 133 kHz. Waveforms for all hand-held metal detectors were sinusoidal; those for walk-through metal detectors varied with most being saw-toothed or pulsed. Due to their higher field strengths and the pulsed nature of their magnetic fields, walk-through metal detectors likely pose a higher risk for medical device electromagnetic interference than do hand-held units. Root mean squared magnetic field strengths were calculated from the peak-to-peak values and compared to occupational and general public exposure limits. None of these limits were exceeded. Measurement repeatability was examined for one hand-held and two walk-through metal detectors. For the hand-held metal detector measurements at the location of the maximum magnetic field strength, measurements by three individuals had a repeatability (percent standard deviation) of 5.9%. Limited repeatability data were collected for on-site measurements of walk-through detectors. One unit showed repeatability of 0.1 to 4.5%; a multi-zone unit showed repeatability of 2.7 to 67.5%.

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Reversion to Back‐Up Mode (VOO) in a DDD Pacemaker Model

Turner

Zacharkiw

Marshall

1998

Pacing Clinical Electrophis

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Sorin recently identified mode reversion to backup mode (VOO). They estimate a prevalence of 1% and suggest electromagnetic interference (EMI) as the cause. We identified ten patients being followed in our pacing clinic, of whom four were found to have suffered mode reversion. We, therefore, conclude that the prevalence of this problem may be greater than predicted. None of the patients who were found to have mode reversion gave any history to suggest that they had been exposed to EMI.

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Spontaneous Reversal of a Cardiomyostimulator to Asynchronous Mode

Cited by 4 publications

References 1 publication

Interference in Implanted Cardiac Devices, Part I

Interference in Implanted Cardiac Devices, Part I

Characterization of the Magnetic Fields Around Walk-Through and Hand-Held Metal Detectors

Reversion to Back‐Up Mode (VOO) in a DDD Pacemaker Model

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