Splenomegaly: Pathophysiological bases and therapeutic options

McKenzie, Christopher; Colonne, Chanukya K.; Yeo, Jia Hao; Fraser, Stuart T.

doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2017.11.011

Cited by 73 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Furthermore, the enlargement of red and white pulp elements accompanied by the loss of the atypical structure of the germinal center (GC) leads to splenomegaly [77]. In animal models, splenomegaly can also arise as a physiologic response to stressors, and the increase in spleen size was associated with splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) [16]. Additionally, disruption of the normal splenic architecture by a diffuse infiltrate predominantly expanded the white pulp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The spleen serves as a hematopoietic and secondary lymphoid organ in mice. It is the largest immune organ in the body and is also necessary for homeostasis and iron recycling of red blood cells [16]. Many gastrointestinal diseases—such as coeliac disease, chronic atrophic gastritis, and inflammatory intestinal illness—may trigger splenic disorders (e.g., splenomegaly) as secondary symptoms because they possess similar pathophysiology [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Resveratrol Protects against Restraint Stress Effects on Stomach and Spleen in Adult Male Mice

Ennab

Mustafa

Wei

et al. 2019

Animals

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Simple SummaryThe current project was designed to examine the effects of restraint stress on body weights, food and water consumption, and pathophysiology of the stomach and spleen in adult mice, and potential roles of the phenolic compound resveratrol during treatment. We found that restraint stress (which is known to be a mixture of psychologic and physical stress) caused a reduction in body weight, food and water consumption, and morphologic changes in the stomach and spleen, which could lead to gastritis or ulcers and splenomegaly, while treatment with resveratrol prevented the negative alterations to the stomach and spleen.AbstractThe objectives were to investigate whether restraint stress (which is known as a mixture of psychologic and physical stress) exerts negative effects on the stomach and spleen, and whether the phenolic compound resveratrol (RES) exerts any protective roles. Fifty adult male mice were divided into five groups, with 10 mice per group as follows: control (C), restraint stress (RS), RS with vehicle (RS + V), RS with 2 mg/kg of resveratrol (RS + 2 mg RES), and RS with 20 mg/kg of resveratrol (RS + 20 mg RES). Mice were restrained in conical centrifuge tubes for 4 h daily to establish the RS model. RS + 2 mg RES, RS + 20 mg RES, and RS + V groups were given an oral dose of resveratrol or vehicle for 15 consecutive days, while the control group was not exposed to restraint stress. Herein, we showed that restraint stress decreased body weight and food and water consumption in stressed groups RS and RS + V compared to controls, while the groups treated with resveratrol showed improvements. Moreover, restraint stress caused acute damage to the morphology of gastric cells and reduced the quantitative distribution of parietal cells along with their decreased size and diameter, pointing to gastritis or ulcer. Furthermore, the antibody against the apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) was highly attached in the RS groups. Splenic size, weight, and length were also greatly augmented in the stressed groups compared to the controls, while these phenomena were not observed in the RS + 2 mg RES group. Our findings proved significant ameliorating effects of resveratrol against restraint stress in adult male mice.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resveratrol Protects against Restraint Stress Effects on Stomach and Spleen in Adult Male Mice

Ennab

Mustafa

Wei

et al. 2019

Animals

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“…ADM treatment remarkably reduced this effect of DNCB without significant alteration in body weight in comparison with the normal control group. The spleen is one of the most important immune organs, and spleen enlargement is usually associated with infection and inflammatory diseases [ 22 ]. In the present study, DNCB induced AD-like symptoms and increased spleen weights; in contrast, ADM treatment suppressed these phenomena.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Natural Compound Mixture Containing Arctigenin, Hederagenin, and Baicalein Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis in Mice by Regulating HPA Axis and Immune Activity

Nguyen

et al. 2020

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Forsythiae Fructus, Lonicerae Flos, and Scutellariae Radix are medicinal herbs that possess anti-inflammatory and anti-atopic effects. Hence, we investigated the effects of a mixture (ADM), containing arctigenin, hederagenin, and baicalein, which are the main compound from these herbs on atopic dermatitis (AD) skin lesions and the underlying molecular mechanisms. ADM was topically applied to dorsal skin lesions of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene- (DNCB-) induced ICR mice, and the expressions of proinflammatory mediators and HPA axis hormones were investigated. The topical application of 0.5% ADM significantly reduced the DNCB-induced symptoms of AD in ICR mice. Histological analysis showed that ADM exerted antiatopic effects by reducing the epidermal thickness and mast cell infiltration into skin lesions. 0.5% ADM attenuated the levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, and VEGF in skin lesions and serum IgE. The production of Th1-/Th2-related cytokines in splenic tissues, including TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-4, were also decreased by ADM treatment. ADM diminished corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and corticosteroid (CORT) production in DNCB-induced mice. In vitro, ADM reduced the productions of TARC/CCL17, MDC/CCL22, IL-6, and ICAM-1 in TNF-α/IFN-γ- (TI-) stimulated HaCaT cells by suppressing the ERK and JNK signaling pathways. In addition, ADM inhibited corticotropin-releasing hormone/substance P- (CRH/SP-) induced VEGF production in HMC-1 cells. These results suggest that ADM may have therapeutic potential in AD by reducing inflammation and attenuating HPA axis activation.

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“…The spleen is a complex organ, and size can increase or decrease rapidly depending on many factors, not all to do with the patients' recorded clinical information; the spleen can augment its size more than any other organ due to drugs or infection . The spleen is an organ that increases in size (splenomegaly) due to a variety of pathologies because of the reactive proliferation of the reticuloendothelial (lymphocyte) cells . Splenomegaly can also be present in lymphoma, portal hypertension, cirrhosis and collagen storage diseases, and the estimation of spleen size is essential for treatment and prognosis .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The spleen is an organ that increases in size (splenomegaly) due to a variety of pathologies because of the reactive proliferation of the reticuloendothelial (lymphocyte) cells . Splenomegaly can also be present in lymphoma, portal hypertension, cirrhosis and collagen storage diseases, and the estimation of spleen size is essential for treatment and prognosis . Therefore, it is a possibility that a flux of spleen size may conceal wide variations in operator error across repeated measurements, particularly as measurements were taken at six‐monthly or yearly intervals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The sonographic measurement of the spleen: A clinical audit

Farr

Thoirs

2018

Sonography

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Introduction The spleen is an intra‐abdominal organ that increases in size (splenomegaly) due to a variety of hepatic and haematological pathologies. The measurement of its size is crucial for patient treatment and monitoring. This project sought to determine a standard technique for the sonographic measurement of the spleen through a retrospective clinical audit. Methods Serial splenic measurements from 250 patients were retrospectively assessed for caliper placement and visualisation/technique. The measurements were graded according to caliper placement and splenic visualisation on ultrasound. Patients included had serial abdominal ultrasounds over the 3 years prior to audit. Results A literature review was performed to establish a benchmark for splenic measurement. This uncovered a wide variation in reported normal splenic length measurement values. The key point from the data collected along with the literature review is that a normal measurement of the spleen is 10–12 cm. Consistent results were found regarding the method sonographers used to measure the spleen. Discussion To standardise measurement method, the spleen should be imaged with the patient in the right posterior oblique position in the optimal respiratory phase for individual patient habitus.

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Splenomegaly: Pathophysiological bases and therapeutic options

Cited by 73 publications

References 25 publications

Resveratrol Protects against Restraint Stress Effects on Stomach and Spleen in Adult Male Mice

Resveratrol Protects against Restraint Stress Effects on Stomach and Spleen in Adult Male Mice

A Natural Compound Mixture Containing Arctigenin, Hederagenin, and Baicalein Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis in Mice by Regulating HPA Axis and Immune Activity

The sonographic measurement of the spleen: A clinical audit

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