Spirulina platensis Reduced Oxidative Damage Induced by Chlorpyrifos Toxicity in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Abstract

Due to the numerous pharmacological impacts of Spirulina platensis (SP), the effects of SP on the oxidative status of Nile tilapia farmed under chlorpyrifos (CPF) ambient toxicity were considered in this study. Fish (60 ± 6.1 g) was randomly stocked in five groups where the SP free diet was fed to the control group while the second one was fed 1% SP without CPF exposure. Additionally, CPF (15 μg/L) was added in water and fish were fed with SP at 0, 0.5, and 1% (third, fourth, and fifth groups, respectively). Samples of blood and gills, kidneys, and liver tissues were assayed for biochemical measurements. Fish exposed to CPF exhibited significant (p ≤ 0.05) increments of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), cholesterol, urea, creatinine, and malondialdehyde (MDA), while significantly decreased total protein, albumin, and antioxidative enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were observed in tilapia exposed to CPF (p ≤ 0.05). In contrast, SP feeding resulted in decreased levels of ALT, AST, ALP, cholesterol, urea, and creatinine as well as increased total protein, albumin, SOD, and CAT activities. Based on the obtained results, it can be suggested that SP is efficient in protecting Nile tilapia from CPF toxicity by increasing the antioxidative response.

Spirulina platensis Alleviated the Oxidative Damage in the Gills, Liver, and Kidney Organs of Nile Tilapia Intoxicated with Sodium Sulphate

“…Atli and Canli [ 43 ] reported similar oxidative stress following exposure of Nile tilapia to acute and chronic metal toxicity. Parallel to our findings, it was found that SP can mitigate the oxidative stress markers induced after exposure of Nile tilapia to chlorpyrifos [ 26 ], arsenic toxicity [ 19 ], and sodium sulphate toxicity [ 5 ].…”

“…The final concentration of 5.8 mg/L was selected based on the previous study by Awed et al [ 5 ]. The experimental groups were named as following: G1: control group fed the basal diet only; G2 (SS): fed the basal diet and intoxicated with waterborne SS 5.8 mg/L [ 5 ]; G3 (SP): fed a diet supplemented with 1% SP [ 26 ]; and G4: fed a diet supplemented with 1% SP and intoxicated with waterborne SS 5.8 mg/L. …”

Lycopene reduces the impacts of aquatic environmental pollutants and physical stressors in fish

“…There are several natural feed additives were reported to reduce the CPF‐induced toxicity in fish such as ascorbic acid (Tripathi & Shasmal, 2010), propolis (Yonar et al . , 2012), lycopene (Ural, 2013), curcumin (Yonar, 2018), seeds and leaves of Moringa oleifera (Ibrahim et al, 2019), Spirulina platensis (Abdel‐Daim et al, 2020) and menthol essential oil (Dawood et al, 2020a).…”

Growth performance, fillet quality and immunity after challenge with streptococcus agalactiae of red tilapia ( oreochromis sp .) fed diet containing cysteamine and creatine

“…The lower liver glycogen (Table 2) and muscle glycogen values (Table 2) ( p < 0.05) in treatment C compared to controls, reinforced the increase in protein sparing effect so that oxidative deamination was reduced (Subramanian, 2013; Wardani et al, 2020a). Reduced oxidative deamination would cause a decrease in the value of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Andersen et al, 2016), free radicals (Lupatsch et al, 2010; Zupa et al, 2015), MDA (Abdel‐Daim et al, 2020; Wardani et al, 2020a, 2020b) and plasma cortisol (Schrama et al, 2018) as stress indicators. In this study, fish fed with treatment C showed lower MDA (Table 2), cortisol and glucose values ( p < 0.05), respectively, at 30.26%, 7.57% and 15.89% compared to controls.…”

“…This phenomenon will increase protein retained (Schrama et al, 2018; Wardani et al, 2020a, 2020b) and improve the feed efficiency (Skov et al, 2017; Wardani et al, 2020a, 2020b), as well as reducing the ammonia excretion and heat production during the metabolic process (Andersen et al, 2016; Lazzari & Baldisserotto, 2008), and increasing immunity and fish health status. Moreover, intensive fish culture and toxin in the water (Abdel‐Daim et al, 2019, 2020) will increase death potency on the cultured fish. This begins with the stress that comes from the environment (Lazzari & Baldisserotto, 2008) and also the presence of physiological and metabolism stresses (Andersen et al, 2016) that affect lower immune status.…”