Spinning reserve quantification considering confidence levels of forecast in systems with high wind and solar power penetration

Abstract

The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources, featured by intermittent outputs, emphasizes the investigation of the potential effects on frequency deviation in the normal operation and solving the associated problems. This paper proposes a method for assessing the impacts of forecast errors in wind and solar generation outputs on a unit commitment problem. An iterative process is used across different spinning reserve requirements until the hourly average and intrahour variation forecast errors in demand and renewable energy generation are fully compensated at the lowest cost. The process, containing time series simulations, is applied to various confidence levels of the forecasted renewable energy generation so that violations of the frequency limit will not occur in the normal operation. The effectiveness and applicability of the proposed method are well illustrated through a case study on the 2030 power system of the island of Hokkaido in Japan. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Co‐optimization of active power curtailment, load shedding and spinning reserve deficits through hybrid approach: Comparison of electrochemical storage technologies

“…Although the system operating cost was reduced, wind curtailment was prohibited and the frequency security was guaranteed, the formulation was based on only three non-probabilistic scenarios regarding the wind turbine uncertainties. Energy storage schemes were also considered in [15] showing considerable market-based improvements when utilized for RES support in energy and spinning reserve procurement, whereas the impact of forecast errors on in wind and solar generation outputs was assessed in [16]. Apart from the largest online unit or percentage of the system load, spinning reserve should consider the stochastic nature of system behaviour and component failures.…”