SpinningQ-balls

Abstract

We present numerical evidence for the existence of spinning generalizations for non-topological Q-ball solitons in the theory of a complex scalar field with a non-renormalizable self-interaction.To the best of our knowledge, this provides the first explicit example of spinning solitons in 3 + 1 dimensional Minkowski space. In addition, we find an infinite discrete family of radial excitations of non-rotating Q-balls, and construct also spinning Q-balls in 2 + 1 dimensions.

Skyrmions, Skyrme stars and black holes with Skyrme hair in five spacetime dimension

“…Therefore, similar to other examples of spinning scalar solitons (e.g. [34,35]), the presence of a potential term in the action, λ 0 = 0, is a pre-requisite for the existence of finite mass solutions. Note, however, that we have found numerical evidence for the existence of static solitons with V = 0, which decay as 1/r 3 at infinity.…”

“…Spinning flat spacetime Skyrmions were considered by Battye, Krusch and Sutcliffe [33]. In contrast to the (conceptually simpler) spinning Q-ball solutions [34,35], for spinning Skyrmions the angular momentum J is a continuous parameter that can be arbitrarily small, so that they can rotate slowly and rotating solutions are continuously connected to static ones. The effects of gravity on these spinning Skyrmions has been studied by Ioannidou, Kleihaus and Kunz in [36], revealing, in particular, a number of configurations which do not have a flat space limit.…”

“…We shall also contrast the Skyrme model with the better known and conceptually simpler model of a complex scalar field, for which one also finds flat spacetime field theory solutions (Q-balls [34,35,42]), gravitating solitons (boson stars [43]) and hairy BHs (Kerr BHs with scalar hair [44][45][46]). In particular for the latter there are no static hairy BHs.…”

Sigma modelQ-balls andQ-stars

“…Although interesting results [15,16] already exist for the "linear" system, an analogous study for the new sigma model solutions does not exist. A further more systematic analysis is needed in order to clarify questions like the relation between charge, mass and angular momentum of spinning Q-stars.…”

“…Enqvist&Mazumdar [8] and Dine&Kusenko [9] for further reviews. A large number of discussions of various other aspects of Q-balls exists already with different approaches: analytic [6,10,11,12], mixed -analytic and numerical [13,14,15,16,17], numerical simulations [18,19] for addressing more complicated issues like scattering (not yet in 3 spatial dimensions) and so on.…”