Spindt Cathodes and Other Field Emitter Arrays

Review of photocathodes for electron beam sources in particle accelerators

“…Scattering processes in grain boundary or lattice scattering still occur, but the photoelectrons loose only a small part of their energy. 5…”

“…Pure semiconductors are much less conducting than metals because the electrical conductivity of semiconductors depends on many factors such as temperature, pressure, and the concentration of supplied impurities. 5 Through the implantation of impurities, so called dopants, into the intrinsic semiconductor crystal lattice, the conductivity can be increased and varied. Dopant atoms replace the native host atoms in its intrinsic crystal lattice.…”

“…7,84 Therefore, metal photocathodes are often used for accelerator applications where only low average current, and a fast response time is required. 5…”

“…Electron sources represent a key component in modern technologies such as microscopes, 1–3 radio transmitters, 4 and X-ray tubes for medical diagnostic devices. 5 A wide range of applications is covered by the ability to accelerate electrons in a particle accelerator. The development of a better electron source is crucial for both fundamental and applied research.…”

Silicone Composites with CNT/Graphene Hybrid Fillers: A Review

“…The obtained composites exhibited prominent mechanical and field-emission properties. In particular, the values of field-enhancement factor (14,500) and turn-on voltage (0.4 V/μm) are among the best results reported for carbon-based field emitters [ 45 ].…”