Spinal Cord Stimulation: An Update

Falowski, Steven; Celii, Amanda; Sharan, Ashwini

doi:10.1016/j.nurt.2007.10.066

Cited by 84 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…While multi-electrode array devices have been developed for stimulation in the central nervous system, e.g., cortex (McCreery et al 2006), spinal cord (Falowski et al 2008) and retina (Sekirnjak et al 2006), as well as peripheral nerves (Kovacs et al 1992), no such device for peripheral ganglia (e.g., autonomic ganglia) has been constructed to date.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective extracellular stimulation of individual neurons in ganglia

Chestek

Shaw

et al. 2008

J. Neural Eng.

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Selective control of individual neurons could clarify neural functions and aid disease treatments. To target specific neurons, it may be useful to focus on ganglionic neuron clusters, which are found in the peripheral nervous system in vertebrates. Because neuron cell bodies are found primarily near the surface of invertebrate ganglia, and often found near the surface of vertebrate ganglia, we developed a technique for controlling individual neurons extracellularly using the buccal ganglia of the marine mollusc Aplysia californica as a model system. We experimentally demonstrated that anodic currents can selectively activate an individual neuron and cathodic currents can selectively inhibit an individual neuron using this technique. To define spatial specificity, we studied the minimum currents required for stimulation, and to define temporal specificity, we controlled firing frequencies up to 45 Hz. To understand the mechanisms of spatial and temporal specificity, we created models using the NEURON software package. To broadly predict the spatial specificity of arbitrary neurons in any ganglion sharing similar geometry, we created a steady-state analytical model. A NEURON model based on cat spinal motorneurons showed responses to extracellular stimulation qualitatively similar to those of the Aplysia NEURON model, suggesting that this technique could be widely applicable to vertebrate and human peripheral ganglia having similar geometry.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective extracellular stimulation of individual neurons in ganglia

Chestek

Shaw

et al. 2008

J. Neural Eng.

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“…Currently, the most clinically successful applications include deep brain stimulators [1, 2] and cochlear implants [3–5], used to reduce symptoms of Parkinson's disease and restore auditory function, respectively. Other medical applications of neural electrodes, such as the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa [6], epilepsy [7], depression [8] and chronic pain [9], have also been reported. With the ever-expanding application of neural electrodes, critical attention must be paid to the safety, function and longevity of these devices, which are ultimately dependent on the stability and biocompatibility of the electrode materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly stable carbon nanotube doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) for chronic neural stimulation

Liu¹,

Weaver²,

Zhou³

et al. 2011

Biomaterials

230

227

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The function and longevity of implantable microelectrodes for chronic neural stimulation depends heavily on the electrode materials, which need to present high charge injection capability and high stability. While conducting polymers have been coated on neural microelectrodes and shown promising properties for chronic stimulation, their practical applications have been limited due to unsatisfying stability. Here, poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) doped with pure carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was electrochemically deposited on Pt microelectrodes to evaluate its properties for chronic stimulation. The PEDOT/CNT coated microelectrodes demonstrated much lower impedance than the bare Pt, and the PEDOT/CNT film exhibited excellent stability. For both acute and chronic stimulation tests, there is no significant increase in the impedance of the PEDOT/CNT coated microelectrodes, and none of the PEDOT/CNT films show any cracks or delamination, which have been the limitation for many conducting polymer coatings on neural electrodes. The charge injection limit of the Pt microelectrode was significantly increased to 2.5 mC/cm2 with the PEDOT/CNT coating. Further in vitro experiments also showed that the PEDOT/CNT coatings are non-toxic and support the growth of neurons. It is expected that this highly stable PEDOT/CNT composite may serve as excellent new material for neural electrodes.

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“…Based on target function, active spinal cord prostheses are currently available for: 1) pain management, 16 2) bowel bladder management, 17 3) spasticity management 18 and 4) motor control of limbs and trunk. These are detailed in the following sections.…”

Section: Prosthetic Device Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal Cord Injury: Present and Future Therapeutic Devices and Prostheses

Giszter

2008

Neurotherapeutics

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Summary:A range of passive and active devices are under development or are already in clinical use to partially restore function after spinal cord injury (SCI). Prosthetic devices to promote host tissue regeneration and plasticity and reconnection are under development, comprising bioengineered bridging materials free of cells. Alternatively, artificial electrical stimulation and robotic bridges may be used, which is our focus here. A range of neuroprostheses interfacing either with CNS or peripheral nervous system both above and below the lesion are under investigation and are at different stages of development or translation to the clinic. In addition, there are orthotic and robotic devices which are being developed and tested in the laboratory and clinic that can provide mechanical assistance, training or substitution after SCI. The range of different approaches used draw on many different aspects of our current but limited understanding of neural regeneration and plasticity, and spinal cord function and interactions with the cortex. The best therapeutic practice will ultimately likely depend on combinations of these approaches and technologies and on balancing the combined effects of these on the biological mechanisms and their interactions after injury. An increased understanding of plasticity of brain and spinal cord, and of the behavior of innate modular mechanisms in intact and injured systems, will likely assist in future developments. We review the range of device designs under development and in use, the basic understanding of spinal cord organization and plasticity, the problems and design issues in device interactions with the nervous system, and the possible benefits of active motor devices.

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Spinal Cord Stimulation: An Update

Cited by 84 publications

References 93 publications

Selective extracellular stimulation of individual neurons in ganglia

Selective extracellular stimulation of individual neurons in ganglia

Highly stable carbon nanotube doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) for chronic neural stimulation

Spinal Cord Injury: Present and Future Therapeutic Devices and Prostheses

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