Spent lead-acid battery recycling in China – A review and sustainable analyses on mass flow of lead

Sun, Zhi; Cao, Hongbin; Zhang, Xihua; Lin, Xiao; Zheng, Wenwen; Guojun, Cao; Sun, Yi; Zhang, Yi

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.03.007

Cited by 163 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Different industrial processes use an array of organic and inorganic compounds and release diverse end products that can influence effluents pH, EC, TDS and salinity. For instance, battery industry is associated with discharges of waste high in sulphuric acid leading to low pH (up to 1.6), heavy metals like lead and different inorganic salts that may elevate the TDS, EC and salinity contents [29].…”

Section: Industrial Wastewater Physicochemical Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating Industrial Effluent Impact on Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant in Vaal, South Africa

Iloms

Ololade

Ogola

et al. 2020

IJERPH

126

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Industrial effluents with high concentrations of toxic heavy metals are of great concern because of their persistence and non-degradability. However, poor operation and maintenance of wastewater treatment infrastructure is a great concern in South Africa. In this study, physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals (HMs) concentration of wastewater from five different industries, Leeuwkuil wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) inflow and effluent, and Vaal River water samples were monitored between January and September 2017, to investigate the correlation between heavy metal pollution and the location of industries and ascertain the effectiveness of the municipal WWTP. Physico-chemical variables such as pH, biological oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC) exhibited both temporal and spatial variations with the values significantly higher in the industrial samples. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) results also showed that aluminium (Al), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) were significantly higher in industrial effluents (p < 0.05), with only Zn and Al exhibiting significant seasonal variability. Statistical correlation analysis revealed a poor correlation between physicochemical parameters and the HMs compositional quality of wastewater. However, toxic HMs (Zn, Cu and Pb) concentrations in treated wastewater from WWTP were above the permissible limits. Although the WWTP was effective in maintaining most of the wastewater parameters within South African Green drop Standards, the higher Cu, Zn, Pb and COD in its final effluent is a concern in terms of Vaal river health and biological diversity. Therefore, we recommend continuous monitoring and maintenance of the WWTPs infrastructure in the study area.

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Section: Industrial Wastewater Physicochemical Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating Industrial Effluent Impact on Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant in Vaal, South Africa

Iloms

Ololade

Ogola

et al. 2020

IJERPH

126

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“…To avoid these issues, electrowinning has been developed for LABs recycling. High‐purity metallic lead can be obtained from the spent lead paste through three steps: pre‐desulfurization, acid leaching and electrowinning . But its high energy consumption and use of toxic acids (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6,7 In the traditional pyrometallurgical process, the spent lead paste is first recovered as crude lead bullion followed by producing high-purity metallic lead (99.99% purity) with a refining process. 8 However, a temperature >1000 ∘ C is required to decompose lead sulfate in the spent lead paste, which consequently requires high energy consumption and emits lots of lead particulates and sulfur oxides. [9][10][11] To avoid these issues, electrowinning has been developed for LABs recycling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A facile lead acetate conversion process for synthesis of high‐purity alpha‐lead oxide derived from spent lead‐acid batteries

Yang

et al. 2018

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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BACKGROUND The lead oxide product recovered from spent lead‐acid battery paste via the hydrometallurgical route usually contains many impurity elements, i.e. Ba and Fe. In this paper, a facile lead acetate conversion process was proposed for synthesis of high‐purity alpha‐lead oxide (α‐PbO) derived from spent lead‐acid batteries. RESULTS The desulfurized lead paste was leached with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide to prepare lead acetate solution, which was then reacted with sodium hydroxide solution to synthesize high‐purity α‐PbO. The doses of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide were the two key parameters for the removals of the impurities, due to their dominant effects on the pH and redox potential of the leaching step. Under the optimized conditions (the molar ratios of CH3COOH/Pb of 2.00, H2O2/PbO2 of 3.5, and NaOH/Pb of 2.5), the high‐purity α‐PbO product with impurities of 20.5 mg kg−1 Fe and 1.5 mg kg−1 Ba was prepared, which were the lowest impurities content in lead product recovered via a hydrometallurgical route compared with previous literature. The total removal efficiencies of impurities Ba and Fe reached 99.9 wt% and 99.0 wt%, respectively. The total recovery efficiency of Pb from the spent lead paste was 92.6 wt%. CONCLUSION The proposed acetic acid leaching process was proved to be an effective strategy to remove the impurities via a hydrometallurgical route. The recovered high‐purity α‐PbO could be used as the positive active materials for lead‐acid battery. This study could provide insights into the impurities removal in the hydrometallurgical recovery of spent lead paste. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry

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“…The tests should be carried out to determine the presence of calcium carbonate, rutile and iron oxide and lead in the form of dioxides and sulphate. The papers [16,17] describe the situation in China concerning the lead-acid batteries recycling system and the level of lead pollution. The need of recycling used up lead has been brought the attention, which will be possible when the battery collection and utilization system is sealed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eco-Balance analysis of the disused lead-acid-batteries recycling technology

Kamińska¹,

Kamiński

2017

E3S Web Conf.

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Abstract. The article presents the results of the eco-balance analysis of the disused lead-acid batteries recycling process. Test-dedicated technology offers the possibility to recover other elements, for example, polypropylene of the battery case or to obtain crystalline sodium sulphate. The life cycle assessment was made using ReCiPe and IMPACT2002 + methods. The results are shown as environmental points [Pt]. The results are shown in the environmental categories, specific for each of the methods grouped in the impact categories.

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Spent lead-acid battery recycling in China – A review and sustainable analyses on mass flow of lead

Cited by 163 publications

References 57 publications

Investigating Industrial Effluent Impact on Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant in Vaal, South Africa

Investigating Industrial Effluent Impact on Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant in Vaal, South Africa

A facile lead acetate conversion process for synthesis of high‐purity alpha‐lead oxide derived from spent lead‐acid batteries

Eco-Balance analysis of the disused lead-acid-batteries recycling technology

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