“…Another set of critiques has focused on more widely applicable criteria of psychometric strength, such as how well the IAT and other implicit measures predict behavior, whether they have acceptable test–retest reliability, and whether changes in implicit bias cause changes in behavior (e.g., Forscher et al, ; Machery, , ; Oswald, Mitchell, Blanton, Jaccard, & Tetlock, ). At the same time, some philosophers, political theorists, and other social scientists have developed various “structuralist” critiques of implicit bias research (e.g., Anderson, ; Ayala, ; Ayala‐López, ; Dixon & Levine, ; Dixon, Levine, Reicher, & Durrheim, ; Haslanger, ; Mallon, ). The core idea here is that disparate social outcomes and ongoing intergroup discrimination—the phenomena implicit bias research putatively aims to explain—are caused by structural features of society, not by biased individual minds.…”