Spectrum of Pregnancy- and Lactation-related Benign Breast Findings

Pregnancy-lactation cycle: how to use imaging methods for breast evaluation

“…Breast changes during pregnancy and lactation reflect changes in the serum levels of estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin (3)(4)(5)(6) . Under the influence of increasing levels of estrogen, beginning in the first trimester of pregnancy, there is ductal growth and proliferation and, to a lesser extent, alveolar-lobular growth (3) .…”

“…Under the influence of increasing levels of estrogen, beginning in the first trimester of pregnancy, there is ductal growth and proliferation and, to a lesser extent, alveolar-lobular growth (3) . In this phase, there is an expansion of glandular tissue and involution of adipose tissue (2) , in addition to vascular proliferation and increased blood flow (5) . During the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, progesterone causes lobular hyperplasia and involution of the fibrofatty stroma (3,5) .…”

“…In this phase, there is an expansion of glandular tissue and involution of adipose tissue (2) , in addition to vascular proliferation and increased blood flow (5) . During the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, progesterone causes lobular hyperplasia and involution of the fibrofatty stroma (3,5) . After delivery, the levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease, unblocking prolactin, which, when associated with the release of oxytocin, stimulates a secretory state in the breast tissue (7) .…”

Cutaneous Disorders of the Breast

“…• Definition: Breast hyperplasia, presenting as large breasts, may unusually be problematic for a number of reasons including postural abnormalities, backache, psychological disturbance, and submammary intertrigo. The condition may occur at puberty (O'Hare and Frieden 2000) or during pregnancy (Parker et al 2017;Zhou et al 2017b;Shoma et al 2011). Its etiology is obscure, but a suggested cause is increased sensitivity of the breast tissue to normal levels of circulating hormones.…”

Prevention of Nipple Cracks of the Mammary Gland in the Early Postnatal Period

“…Снижение травматизации соска позволяет сущест-венно минимизировать риски его инфицирования во время лактации, предотвращает развитие лактостазов и, как следствие, отказ от грудного вскармливания [16][17][18][19]. Про лон гирование периода лактации в настоящее вре-мя рассматривается не только как профилактическая мера для снижения случаев онкологических заболева-ний у женщин в последующем (рак молочной железы, доброкачественные новообразования молочной желе-зы), но и как фактор существенного влияния на здоровье и дальнейшее развитие ребенка [20][21][22].…”