Pregnancy and lactation constitute states of intense hormonal variation with secretory and structural changes in the breast parenchyma. These changes translate into important features on breast imaging, as well as the emergence of specific benign and malignant lesions. This literature review aims to discuss the safety of the use of breast imaging methods (mammography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging) during the pregnancy-lactation cycle, and to present the expected physiological changes and imaging appearance of the main breast diseases that may occur in this period, such as galactocele, lactating adenoma, fibroadenoma, puerperal mastitis, and pregnancy-associated breast cancer.

Mammographic screening in a 60-year-old female patient showed anomalous muscular branch, parallel to the pectoral major muscle bilateral and symmetrical, interspersing the retromammary fat (Figure 1), identified as pectoralis quartus muscles. Complementary ultrasound assessment demonstrated a hypoechogenic fibrillar bundle with oblique disposition extending from the inferior parasternal region to the humeral head bilaterally (Figure 2). Computed tomography assessment confirmed the findings (Figures 3 and 4), also showing two muscular bellies located in the parasternal regions, consistent with sternalis muscles. Although often overlooked in breast image evaluation, the pectoral musculature is included in the radiologic exams for breast cancer screening, and it is important to know its variations to avoid diagnostic errors and problems with possible future surgical procedures, such as breast reconstruction. The sternalis muscle is a common variant of the pectoral musculature, and it is found in about 7.8% of cadaveric studies, 0.2% of mammography, and 6.4% of computed tomography. Its proximal insertion may vary among sternum, clavicle, sternocleidomastoid fascia, pectoralis major muscle, ribs and superior costal cartilages, distal insertion of ribs, inferior costal cartilages, inferior fibers of the pectoralis major muscle, abdominal rectus sheath, and external oblique aponeurosis. It is considered a normal anatomic variant of the pectoral musculature without functional implications for the patient, however, acquires importance for eventually mimicking deep hyperdense breast lesions in the inner quadrants seen on the mammographic craniocaudal view.Pectoralis quartus muscle is a less prevalent and less known variant; it is a segmented portion of the pectoralis major muscle that runs below or beside the inferior fibers of the pectoralis major muscle. Its origin is in lower costal arches, lateral edge of the pectoralis major F I G U R E 1 Bilateral mammography at craniocraudal (A and B) and medio-lateraloblique (C and D) views showing muscle branch parallel to the pectoralis major pectoral muscle bilateral and symmetrical, interspersing retromammary fat [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary. com]

Objective: To evaluate the success and complication rates of ultrasound-guided renal biopsy at a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of 97 ultrasound-guided renal biopsies, all performed by the same radiologist, between 1 March, 2017 and 31 October, 2019. Results: Of the 97 biopsies evaluated, 87 had a definitive pathological diagnosis. In five cases (5.4%), the biopsy results were inconclusive and a second procedure was required. In seven procedures (7.6%), there were complications, all of which were properly resolved. Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided renal biopsy has proven to be a safe, effective method for the diagnosis of nephropathies, with high success rates.

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Objetivo: analisar o perfil clínico, radiológico e patológico dos tumores da sela túrcica em um hospital universitário da região do submédio do vale do São Francisco. Materiais e métodos: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo, com análise de exames de tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética de crânio realizados em 21 pacientes portadores de neoplasias da sela túrcica entre os anos de 2011 e 2016. Resultados: Os métodos de imagem foram as principais ferramentas para pesquisa e diagnóstico de tumor selar em 17 (80,9%) casos, com maior prevalência do adenoma hipofisário com 11 (52,4%) casos, com os macroadenomas correspondendo a 9 (42,8%) casos, do total. Compressão do quiasma óptico, extensão suprasselar e infiltração das estruturas adjacentes (parasselares) foram os achados radiológicos mais frequentes com 9 (42,9%), 7 (33,3%) e 5 (23,8%) casos, respectivamente. Conclusão: Os métodos de imagem são fundamentais para a caracterização, planejamento terapêutico e controle pós terapêutico, com elevada concordância clínica e cirúrgica.