Spectrum of pediatric urolithiasis in western India

Abstract

Of 1,211 patients with urolithiasis treated at this institution over a nine years period, there were 77 (6.4%) pediatric cases. The commonest age group was 6-10 years (55.8%). Male:female ratio was 7.6:1. Hindus constituted 72.7% of the patients. There was no significant seasonal variation. The commonest site was urinary bladder (67.5%). The upper: lower urinary tract stone ratio was 1:2.85. Majority belonged to the lower-middle or poor income groups having a cereal based diet with minimal or poor protein intake. The common constituents of stones were calcium (98.7%), oxalate (87%), phosphate (84.4%) and uric acid (76.6%). Of all these, uric acid had the richest concentration (grade of ++ or more) in 93.2%. Only 4 stones (5.2%) were "pure": calcium oxalate--3 and calcium phosphate--1; whereas 73 (94.8%) were mixed stones. Of these, 9 (11.7%) were "predominant" mixed stones, with only one constituent having rich concentration (grade of ++ or more) and all others being either trace or +. The rest 64 (83.1%) were "heterogenous" mixed stones having rich concentration of more than one constituent.

Pediatric Urolithiasis in Sub–Saharan Africa: A Comparative Study in Two Regions of Cameroon

“…Stereomicroscopy and infrared spectroscopy of stones have shown that the majority of endemic calculi are mixed with considerable amounts of oxalates, apatite, urates, and struvites. Similar studies of endemic bladder stones have reported major differences in the composition of the surface as opposed to the central parts of the stones [1, 4]. It is believed that the nidus of the stone is the key to understanding the initiation of crystallization, the initial step in stone formation [26].…”

“…The incidence and type of stone disease is related mainly to diet and the level of socioeconomic development [1, 2]. The literature abounds with reports from the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent.…”

“…The literature abounds with reports from the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. In these areas, endemic stone disease is common [1, 2, 3, 4]. In Australia, it is more common in aboriginal than in Caucasoid children [5].…”

Evaluation of Clinical and Chemical Profile of Patients with Urolithiasis in Pune, India

“…Dietary habits revealed principal dependence on cereals, lack of animal proteins, consumption of oxalate rich vegetables and widespread consumption of tea. Majority patients belonged to the lower-middle or poor income groups [3] having a cereal based diet with minimal or poor protein intake [15]. Interestingly, the prevalence of bladder stones (BSF) was lower than that of upper urinary tract stones (UUTSF) which suggests the possibility of involvement of environmental pollution [10].…”

Synthesis and Characterization of Struvite-k Crystals by Agar Gel

“…newberyite, is the common constituents of magnesium phosphates crystals. They are reported in vesicle as well as renal calculi of adults [1] [9] [10] and children [11]- [13]. Of these, newberyite is a very rare crystalline component of urinary calculi [14], while struvite is mostly found in urine [15].…”