“…Non-metal dopants (e.g., C [224] , [225] , B [226] , [227] , [228] , [229] , P [57] , [230] , S [231] , [232] , N [233] , [234] , [235] , [236] , and halogen [237] , [238] ) and metallic dopants (e.g. Fe 3+ [239] , [240] , Ce 3+ [62] , Cr 3+ [241] , W 6+ [242] , Ti 4+ [243] , Cu 2+ [241] , Co 2+ [244] , [245] and Er 3+ [246] ) were most widely studied in semiconductor photocatalysts, especially metal oxides. Generally, a method can either introduce an impurity energy level lower than the CB minimum or higher than the VB maximum to narrow down the bandgap, enhancing light absorption.…”