“…The biosynthesis of AuNPs was initially confirmed by a colour change, from pale yellow to light magenta colour ( Figure 3 , Inset) , resulting in characteristic light absorption at a wavelength of 500–600 nm [ 9 , 10 ]. The colour change is observed because of their optical properties, like excitation of surface plasmonic resonance vibrations (SPR) [ 15 , 18 , 20 ].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The difference in the mean size as estimated by TEM and DLS occurs because in TEM, dry specimen is used for analysis while in DLS the aqueous dispersion of particles is measured [ 6 ]. This also may be due to the screening of smaller particles by a larger one or the presence of stabilizers/capping agents and hydration layer around the particles [ 9 , 10 , 28 ]. Figure 5 (a, b) HR-TEM images, (c) SAED pattern, and (d) DLS size distribution pattern of bee pollen synthesized AuNPs.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Extracts from natural sources like microbes, algae, natural polymers, and plants contain many bioactive molecules that act as reducing and capping agents, and cause synthesis of MNPs [ 5 ]. Recently, extracellular biosynthesis methods using different extracts of natural materials, including Padina gymnospora macroalga [ 3 ], Plukenetia volubilis leaf [ 6 ], vegetable waste [ 7 ], Plumeria alba flower [ 8 ], Prunus serotina fruit [ 9 ], Nephelium lappaceum fruit peel [ 10 ], Dracocephalum kotschyi leaf [ 11 ], Cyanobacteria algae [ 12 ], Calothrix algae [ 13 ], Angelica gigas stem [ 14 ], Mangifera indica flower [ 15 ], Datura stramonium seed [ 16 ], Blighia sapida husk [ 17 ], Persea americana fruit peel [ 18 ], Enterococcus species [ 19 ], Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Aspergillus niger xylanases enzyme [ 20 ], honey [ 21 ], pine cone pollen [ 22 ], date palm pollen [ 23 ], have already been reported to synthesize AuNPs. In the present study, we investigated the biogenic approach to the synthesis and characterization of AuNPs using bee pollen, and its catalytic activity to remove 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), a hazardous organic pollutant ( Figure 1 ).…”
“…The biosynthesis of AuNPs was initially confirmed by a colour change, from pale yellow to light magenta colour ( Figure 3 , Inset) , resulting in characteristic light absorption at a wavelength of 500–600 nm [ 9 , 10 ]. The colour change is observed because of their optical properties, like excitation of surface plasmonic resonance vibrations (SPR) [ 15 , 18 , 20 ].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The difference in the mean size as estimated by TEM and DLS occurs because in TEM, dry specimen is used for analysis while in DLS the aqueous dispersion of particles is measured [ 6 ]. This also may be due to the screening of smaller particles by a larger one or the presence of stabilizers/capping agents and hydration layer around the particles [ 9 , 10 , 28 ]. Figure 5 (a, b) HR-TEM images, (c) SAED pattern, and (d) DLS size distribution pattern of bee pollen synthesized AuNPs.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Extracts from natural sources like microbes, algae, natural polymers, and plants contain many bioactive molecules that act as reducing and capping agents, and cause synthesis of MNPs [ 5 ]. Recently, extracellular biosynthesis methods using different extracts of natural materials, including Padina gymnospora macroalga [ 3 ], Plukenetia volubilis leaf [ 6 ], vegetable waste [ 7 ], Plumeria alba flower [ 8 ], Prunus serotina fruit [ 9 ], Nephelium lappaceum fruit peel [ 10 ], Dracocephalum kotschyi leaf [ 11 ], Cyanobacteria algae [ 12 ], Calothrix algae [ 13 ], Angelica gigas stem [ 14 ], Mangifera indica flower [ 15 ], Datura stramonium seed [ 16 ], Blighia sapida husk [ 17 ], Persea americana fruit peel [ 18 ], Enterococcus species [ 19 ], Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Aspergillus niger xylanases enzyme [ 20 ], honey [ 21 ], pine cone pollen [ 22 ], date palm pollen [ 23 ], have already been reported to synthesize AuNPs. In the present study, we investigated the biogenic approach to the synthesis and characterization of AuNPs using bee pollen, and its catalytic activity to remove 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), a hazardous organic pollutant ( Figure 1 ).…”
“…For India, among the most recent works, beside the work of Rangaraj et al [12] previously described, the work of Mahapatra et al [21] described the improving the quality and shelf-life of chevon meatballs by incorporating fruit and fruit by-products. The work of Kumar et al [22] showed spectroscopic and morphological characterization of Nephelium lappaceum peel extract synthesized gold nanoflowers and their catalytic activity. Another one is by Srivastava et al [23], which summarized the technological advances for improving fungal cellulase production from fruit wastes for bioenergy application.…”
Section: Fruit Waste and Health: Literature Quantitative Analysismentioning
The by-products/wastes from agro-food and in particular the fruit industry represents from one side an issue since they cannot be disposed as such for their impact on the environment but they need to be treated as a waste. However, on the other side, they are a source of bioactive healthy useful compounds which can be recovered and be the starting material for other products in the view of sustainability and a circular economy addressing the global goal of “zero waste” in the environment. An updated view of the state of art of the research on fruit wastes is here given under this perspective. The topic is defined as follows: (i) literature quantitative analysis of fruit waste/by-products, with particular regards to linkage with health; (ii) an updated view of conventional and innovative extraction procedures; (iii) high-value added compounds obtained from fruit waste and associated biological properties; (iv) fruit wastes presence and relevance in updated databases. Nowadays, the investigation of the main components and related bioactivities of fruit wastes is being continuously explored throughout integrated and multidisciplinary approaches towards the exploitation of emerging fields of application which may allow to create economic, environmental, and social value in the design of an eco-friendly approach of the fruit wastes.
“…[12]. Kumar et al, (2021) emphasized the catalytic activities of gold (Au)-Nephelium lappaceum extract coordinated Au hNFs by reducing 4-nitrophenol to 4aminophenol [13].…”
Hybrid nanoflowers (hNFs), which are widely used in enzyme purification and catalytic activity applications, consist of organic and inorganic components. In this study, hNFs were synthesized in PBS buffer (pH: 5-9) by using different volume of Ascoseria mirabilis algae extract (0.65 ml, 1 ml and 1.65 ml) instead of expensive and difficult to obtain molecules such as enzymes and DNA for the synthesis process. According to the FE-SEM images, the morphology and diameters of the petals and NFs differ depend to the pH of the PBS buffer (synthesis did not occur at pH 5) and the volume of extract used. The catalytic and antioxidant properties of NFs synthesized with the used bioextract under optimum conditions (pH: 7.4, 1 ml extract) where a complete flower formation was observed were evaluated. The presence of Cu element and other components was detailed with EDX mapping. The peaks obtained by FT-IR analysis and the existence of functional groups that play a role in the synthesis are discussed. According to the results of the characterization tests, hNFs were synthesized by a cheap and eco-friendly with the coordination of Cu element and A. mirabilis extract in PBS buffer. Cu NFs exhibited peroxidase like catalytic activity against guaiacol, and antioxidant activity. The activities of hNFs is based on a Fenton-like mechanism. It is thought that this study will shed light on hNFs synthesis and catalytic activity application studies with bioextracts instead of biomolecules obtained by expensive and complex processes.
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