“…Until now, a variety of different techniques have been devoted to conducting PPi detection, including fluorescence spectroscopy [ 5 , 6 , 7 ], surface-enhanced Raman-scattering (SERS) assays [ 8 ], colorimetric sensing [ 9 , 10 , 11 ], chemiluminescence [ 12 ], electrochemical analysis [ 13 , 14 ], and dark-field optical microscopy (DFM) [ 3 ]. The principle of most of the above methods is based on the complexation of PPi with metal ions (Al 3+ [ 15 ], Fe 3+ [ 9 , 16 ], Ca 2+ [ 11 ], Zn 2+ [ 17 ], and Cu 2+ [ 5 , 6 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 18 ]), as PPi is a good complexing agent.…”