Spectrophotometric Analysis of Vancomycin Hydrochloride in Pure and Pharmaceutical Injections via Batch and Cloud Point Extraction Techniques

Abstract

Development of a precise and delicate reaction has been acquired for the determination of vancomycin hydrochloride using batch and cloud point extraction (CPE) methods. The first method is based on the formation of azo dye as a result of diazotized dapsone coupled with vancomycin HCl (VAN) in a basic medium. The sensitivity of this reaction was enhanced by utilizing a nonionic surfactant (Triton X-114) and the cloud point extraction technique (second method). The azo dye formed was extracted into the surfactant-rich phase, dissolved in ethanol and detected at λ max 446 nm spectrophotometrically. The reaction was investigated using both batch and CPE methods (with and without extraction), and a simple comparison between the two developed methods was made. The conditions that affect the extraction process and the sensitivity of the methods have been carefully examined. The linearity of the calibration curves was in the range of 3-50 and 0.5-25 µg.mL -1 with limits of detection of 0.806 and 0.214 µg.mL -1 for VAN in both batch and CPE procedures, respectively. The percentage of relative standard deviation (R.S.D.%) for the two methods was better than 2.54% and 2.83%, respectively. The recommended procedures have been effectively used to assay VAN in commercial injections.

Evaluation of Lead Ion in the Wastewater of the Lifting and Treatment Stations Using ICP-MS and CPE Methods

“…The metal ion in CPE should form a stable complex that is separable from the surfactant layer [38]. With a variety of KI solution concentrations (5,10,15,20,25,30,35, and 40 mmol/L) and a volume of 1 mL of KI solution, the effect of iodide concentration on the recovery value 6(a) illustrates that as more KI reagent was added the recovery value increased. The reagent quantity that produced the best results was 1 mL (30 mmol/L) of KI reagent [39].…”

“…Because it adheres to the principles of green chemistry, it has attracted a lot of attention. CPE has a number of advantages over traditional extraction techniques, including simplicity and avoiding the use of harmful chemical solvents in large quantities [19][20]. The CPE is influenced by several variables, including temperature, ionic strength, pH, concentrations of the extracting agent and surfactant, and extraction time.…”