Spectrographic Determination of Phosphorus and Metals in Lubricating Oils, Using Porous Cup Electrode

Spectrographic Determination of Lubricating Oil Additives

“…Calkins and White {$) impregnated their electrodes with the oil to be analyzed. Gassmann and O'Neill (5) introduced the sample into the spark through a porous graphite cup used as the upper electrode (3). The present authors (8) introduced the oil into the spark by means of a rotating graphite electrode partially immersed in the oil sample.…”

Wear Metal Analysis of Oils

“…(72) andGambrill et al (73) used the porous cup electrode technique for the analysis of phosphorus, barium, calcium, and zinc in lubricating oils. However, the technique was not suitable for analyzing oil samples containing solid debris.Gambrill et al (73) also applied a rotating disk electrode for determining both the previously mentioned elements, as well as lead and iron.…”

Determination of Wear Metals in Used Lubricating Oils by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.

“…Emission spectrometry has been widely employed, since the use of techniques such as the porous cup (7), rotating disk (2, 6), rotating platform (10), or vacuum cup (9) electrode allows the introduction of the oil into the arc or spark without the need for prior ashing. The relative advantages and disadvantages of most of these techniques have been discussed by Fry (5).…”