Spectrochemical analysis of molten metal using a pulsed laser source

Nonferrous metallurgy. II. Zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten

“…Other complexes which can be used for the determination of vanadium are formed with pyrocatechol violet (512), tribromopyrogallol (124), gallic acid (191) and tiron (647,764). The reduction of iron(II1) to iron(I1) by vanadium(1V) served as the basis for the determination of vanadium in aluminate solutions by formation of the tris-(1, 10-phenanthro1ine)-iron(I1) complex (39).…”

Ferrous metallurgy

“…A hollow cathode discharge was used for the spectrographic determination of bismuth in cast iron (443)• Another spectrographic procedure for the determination of microgram quantities of bismuth in cast iron was based on the fractional distillation in d. c. arc excitation of a powdered sample (441)• BORON The methylene blue dichloroethane extraction method originally described by Pasztor and Bode (402) was modified for the determination of boron in iron and steel (159,186,249,325) and alloy steels (371). Reagents for other photometric methods were quinalizarin (87), curcumin (55), and l-hydroxy-4-ptoluidioanthraquinone (31).…”

“…Available spectral lines for the spectrometric determination of boron in steel were evaluated (210); the spectrographic methods developed included the use of a vacuum spectrograph (125), a carbon monoxide atmosphere (449), a hollow cathode discharge (443), a solution technique (128), and a carrier distillation technique (441)• One spectrographic point-to-plane technique stresses electrode shape and polarity (204•), and another uses a high dispersion spectrograph to separate the B 2497.73-1. line from Fe 2497.72 A (263). A spark source mass spectrographic method was also developed trace amounts of boron in steels (17,91,166) and stainless steels (36).…”

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and its application to the remote characterisation of hazardous materials

“…2 A few years later, members of this research group applied the same experimental technique to molten stainless-steel samples, producing calibration curves for nickel and chromium that were found to be very similar to those obtained using solid samples. 3 This clearly demonstrated the potential of LIBS for remote characterisation of hazardous materials although at that time the lack of suitable lasers and optical detectors hampered the development of this new technique. Over the next two decades, advances in laser technology were such that real-world applications could be considered more seriously, but it was not until the 1980s that detector technology had advanced sufficiently to allow LIBS to become more than just a scientific curiosity.…”