Spectral reflectance of whitecaps: Their contribution to water‐leaving radiance

Moore, Karl D.; Voss, Kenneth J.; Gordon, Howard R.

doi:10.1029/1999jc900334

Cited by 101 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…One of them is the possible presence of an additional absorber during the experiment, which is always the case near a pier. This is supported by data obtained by Moore et al [2000], who found that the value of the normalized reflectance is only 0.8 at the wavelength 0.86 mm in open ocean for wind speeds 9 -12 m s À1 . This closely corresponds to theoretical results given in Figure 4 at this wavelength.…”

Section: Experiments In the Surf Zone And Open Oceansupporting

confidence: 74%

“…At first sight this contradicts the data of Moore et al [2000]. However, Nicolas et al [2001] have used the push-boom radiometer with the spectral bandwidth 0.19 mm (see Figure 4) at the central wavelength 0.855 mm.…”

Section: Experiments In the Surf Zone And Open Oceanmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…However, Nicolas et al [2001] have used the push-boom radiometer with the spectral bandwidth 0.19 mm (see Figure 4) at the central wavelength 0.855 mm. Moore et al [2000] used a six-channel radiometer with the nominal 0.01 mm spectral width. Because of a high variation of the normalized reflectance (0.4 -0.8) in the range 0.76-0.95 mm (see Figure 4) the result should be highly sensitive to the radiometer spectral response function and the bandwidth in this particular case.…”

Section: Experiments In the Surf Zone And Open Oceanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, spectral reflectance of whitecaps was measured in a broad spectral range from the visible to the infrared [Frouin et al, 1996;Moore et al, 1998Moore et al, , 2000Nicolas et al, 2001]. Theory did not follow the progress in experimental studies of optical properties of whitecaps.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spectral reflectance of whitecaps

Kokhanovsky

2004

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] Spectral properties of whitecaps are of importance for color ocean remote sensing and aerosol optical thickness probing from satellite-based instruments. They also influence planetary albedo and climate. In particular, whitecaps may affect the response of the climate system to changes in greenhouse gases and other atmospheric constituents. Several experimental measurements of whitecap spectral reflectance have been performed both in the surf zone and in the open ocean, which indicate that oceanic foam cannot be considered as a gray body (e.g., for satellite remote sensing techniques). This paper is devoted to the interpretation of experiments performed in terms of the radiative transfer theory. Only the case of a semi-infinite foam is studied in detail. However, results can be easily extended to the case of finite foamed media having large optical thickness. The model introduced is capable of explaining main features observed, like a sharp decrease of the foam spectral reflectance in the infrared as compared with the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum and a high correlation of the foam reflectance R and the water absorption coefficient a. A simple method to retrieve the spectral dependence of a from the spectral foam reflectance R is proposed.

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Section: Experiments In the Surf Zone And Open Oceansupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Experiments In the Surf Zone And Open Oceanmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Experiments In the Surf Zone And Open Oceanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spectral reflectance of whitecaps

Kokhanovsky

2004

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…MODIS over-ocean aerosol retrievals can be disrupted by a number of factors including cloud contamination (Kaufman et al, 2005c;Zhang et al, 2005), and sea surface reflectance by sun glint (Cox and Munk, 1954) and whitecaps (Moore et al, 2000). The latter, which is directly linked to the surface wind speed, may lead to systematic biases (namely underestimates of τ at low wind cases and overestimates at high winds) in the MODIS over-ocean aerosol retrievals that assume a constant wind speed of 6 m/s for estimating reflectance from the sea surface (Zhang and Reid, 2006).…”

Section: Aerosol Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the maritime component of aerosol optical depth and its dependency on surface wind speed using satellite data

et al. 2010

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Abstract. Six years (2003Six years ( -2008 of satellite measurements of aerosol parameters from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and surface wind speeds from Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT), the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E), and the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), are used to provide a comprehensive perspective on the link between surface wind speed and marine aerosol optical depth over tropical and subtropical oceanic regions. A systematic comparison between the satellite derived fields in these regions allows to: (i) separate the relative contribution of wind-induced marine aerosol to the aerosol optical depth; (ii) extract an empirical linear equation linking coarse marine aerosol optical depth and wind intensity; and (iii) identify a time scale for correlating marine aerosol optical depth and surface wind speed. The contribution of wind induced marine aerosol to aerosol optical depth is found to be dominated by the coarse mode elements. When wind intensity exceeds 4 m/s, coarse marine aerosol optical depth is linearly correlated with the surface wind speed, with a remarkably consistent slope of 0.009±0.002 s/m. A detailed time scale analysis shows that the linear correlation between the fields is well kept within a 12 h time frame, while sharply decreasing when the time lag between measurements is longer. The background aerosol optical depth, associated with aerosols that are not produced in-situ through wind driven processes, can be used for estimating the contributions of terrestrial and biogenic marine aerosol to over-ocean satellite retrievals of aerosol optical depth.

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A comparison of temperature and precipitation responses to different Earth radiation management geoengineering schemes

et al. 2015

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Earth radiation management has been suggested as a way to rapidly counteract global warming in the face of a lack of mitigation efforts, buying time and avoiding potentially catastrophic warming. We compare six different radiation management schemes that use surface, troposphere, and stratosphere interventions in a single climate model in which we projected future climate from 2020 to 2099 based on RCP4.5. We analyze the surface air temperature responses to determine how effective the schemes are at returning temperature to its [1986][1987][1988][1989][1990][1991][1992][1993][1994][1995][1996][1997][1998][1999][2000][2001][2002][2003][2004][2005] climatology and analyze precipitation responses to compare side effects. We find crop albedo enhancement is largely ineffective at returning temperature to its 1986-2005 climatology. Desert albedo enhancement causes excessive cooling in the deserts and severe shifts in tropical precipitation. Ocean albedo enhancement, sea-spray geoengineering, cirrus cloud thinning, and stratospheric SO 2 injection have the potential to cool more uniformly, but cirrus cloud thinning may not be able to cool by much more than 1 K globally. We find that of the schemes potentially able to return surface air temperature to 1986-2005 climatology under future greenhouse gas warming, none has significantly less severe precipitation side effects than other schemes. Despite different forcing patterns, ocean albedo enhancement, sea-spray geoengineering, cirrus cloud thinning, and stratospheric SO 2 injection all result in large scale tropical precipitation responses caused by Hadley cell changes and land precipitation changes largely driven by thermodynamic changes. Widespread regional scale changes in precipitation over land are significantly different from the 1986-2005 climatology and would likely necessitate significant adaptation despite geoengineering.

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Spectral reflectance of whitecaps: Their contribution to water‐leaving radiance

Cited by 101 publications

References 22 publications

Spectral reflectance of whitecaps

Spectral reflectance of whitecaps

Estimating the maritime component of aerosol optical depth and its dependency on surface wind speed using satellite data

A comparison of temperature and precipitation responses to different Earth radiation management geoengineering schemes

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