Spectral dosimetry in low light therapy

Grimblatov, V. M.; Rubinshtein, Alexander; Rubinshtein, Marina

doi:10.1117/12.659703

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…This increases the fluence rate by up to 300% at 0.5 mm from the surface. In contrast, at 3 mm the fluence rate is only one‐hundredth of that measured at the surface (49). While power densities were not measured at any tissue depth in this study, the induced increase in oxidative metabolic capacity in muscle fibers located well below the muscle surface suggested that energy transmitted through several tissue layers is able to effectively induce metabolic changes in solid organs such as the muscle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

In Vivo Low‐level Light Therapy Increases Cytochrome Oxidase in Skeletal Muscle

Hayworth

Rojas

Padilla

et al. 2010

Photochem & Photobiology

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Low-level light therapy (LLLT) increases survival of cultured cells, improves behavioral recovery from neurodegeneration and speeds wound healing. These beneficial effects are thought to be mediated by upregulation of mitochondrial proteins, especially the respiratory enzyme cytochrome oxidase. However, the effects of in vivo LLLT on cytochrome oxidase in intact skeletal muscle have not been previously investigated. We used a sensitive method for enzyme histochemistry of cytochrome oxidase to examine the rat temporalis muscle 24 h after in vivo LLLT. The findings showed for the first time that in vivo LLLT induced a dose- and fiber type-dependent increase in cytochrome oxidase in muscle fibers. LLLT was particularly effective at enhancing the aerobic capacity of intermediate and red fibers. The findings suggest that LLLT may enhance the oxidative energy metabolic capacity of different types of muscle fibers, and that LLLT may be used to enhance the aerobic potential of skeletal muscle.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

In Vivo Low‐level Light Therapy Increases Cytochrome Oxidase in Skeletal Muscle

Hayworth

Rojas

Padilla

et al. 2010

Photochem & Photobiology

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“…81 However, at this depth in solid organs, the actual power density of near-infrared light has been estimated to be up to three times higher than the power at the incident surface due to backscattering and constructive interference. 82 As the light travels into the tissue, its intensity decreases due to absorption and scattering. Penetration of light into tissues depends not only on the wavelength but also on the optical properties of the target tissue.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-level light therapy of the eye and brain

Rojas¹,

González-Lima²

2011

117

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Low-level light therapy (LLLT) using red to near-infrared light energy has gained attention in recent years as a new scientific approach with therapeutic applications in ophthalmology, neurology, and psychiatry. The ongoing therapeutic revolution spearheaded by LLLT is largely propelled by progress in the basic science fields of photobiology and bioenergetics. This paper describes the mechanisms of action of LLLT at the molecular, cellular, and nervous tissue levels. Photoneuromodulation of cytochrome oxidase activity is the most important primary mechanism of action of LLLT. Cytochrome oxidase is the primary photoacceptor of light in the red to near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is also a key mitochondrial enzyme for cellular bioenergetics, especially for nerve cells in the retina and the brain. Evidence shows that LLLT can secondarily enhance neural metabolism by regulating mitochondrial function, intraneuronal signaling systems, and redox states. Current knowledge about LLLT dosimetry relevant for its hormetic effects on nervous tissue, including noninvasive in vivo retinal and transcranial effects, is also presented. Recent research is reviewed that supports LLLT potential benefits in retinal disease, stroke, neurotrauma, neurodegeneration, and memory and mood disorders. Since mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in neurodegeneration, LLLT has potential significant applications against retinal and brain damage by counteracting the consequences of mitochondrial failure. Upon transcranial delivery in vivo, LLLT induces brain metabolic and antioxidant beneficial effects, as measured by increases in cytochrome oxidase and superoxide dismutase activities. Increases in cerebral blood flow and cognitive functions induced by LLLT have also been observed in humans. Importantly, LLLT given at energy densities that exert beneficial effects does not induce adverse effects. This highlights the value of LLLT as a novel paradigm to treat visual, neurological, and psychological conditions, and supports that neuronal energy metabolism could constitute a major target for neurotherapeutics of the eye and brain.

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“…Absorption of monochromatic visible and near-infrared light at the cellular level by components of the cellular respiratory chain is a significant aspect of this understanding [31,32]. The principal unit within the cell controlling the response to light therapy is the mitochondria.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%