Specific gut microbiota alterations in essential tremor and its difference from Parkinson’s disease

Abstract

Essential tremor (ET) is the most common movement disorder and share overlapping symptoms with Parkinson’s disease (PD), making differential diagnosis challenging. Gut dysbiosis is regarded crucial in the pathogenesis of PD. Since ET patients also has comorbidity in gastrointestinal disorders, the relationship between gut microbiota and ET really worth investigating and may help distinguishing ET from PD. Fecal samples from 54 ET, 67 de novo PD and 54 normal controls (NC) were collected for 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR. ET showed lower species richness (Chao1 index) than NC and PD. ET was with Bacteroides-dominant enterotype, while PD was with Ruminococcus-dominant enterotype. Compared with NC, 7 genera were significantly reduced in ET, 4 of which (Ruminococcus, Romboutsia, Mucispirillum, and Aeromonas) were identified to be distinctive with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.705. Compared to PD, 26 genera were found significantly different from ET, 4 of which (Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Phascolarctobacterium, and Lachnospira) were found distinguishable with an AUC of 0.756. Clinical association results indicated that Proteus was associated with disease severity (TETRAS) of ET, while Klebsiella was linked to depression and anxiety in ET. Functional predictions revealed that 4 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were altered in ET. This study reveals gut dysbiosis in ET and it provides new insight into the pathogenesis of ET and helps distinguishing ET from PD.

Relationships Between Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder and Parkinson’s Disease: Indication from Gut Microbiota Alterations

“…Microbial DNA extraction was based on 200 mg samples and further puri ed using QIAamp ® Fast DNA Stool Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) following the manufacturer's instructions. The details of fecal bacterial sequencing (16S rRNA gene and qPCR quanti cation) were consistent with our previous study 47 . The high variable V3-V4 regions of 16S rRNA were ampli ed using 357F(5'-ACTCCTACGGRAGGCAGCAG-3') and 806R(5'-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3') bacterial primer pair with two-step amplicon library building on the Novaseq platform, according to the manual from Illumina for the overhang sequences and barcodes.…”

Influence of the Gut Microbiota on the Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases

“…Distorted α -syn clusters, also known as Lewy body depositions or deposits, play a role in the degeneration of neurons (dopaminergic) in the part of the brain known as substantia nigra (controls movements) and various other related functions that lead to the onset of several key non-motor and motor characteristics of Parkinson's disease (PD), such as dementia, tremor, bradykinesia, anxiety, digestive tract disability, rigidity, behavioral changes, and postural instability [ 15 ]. The concept of a “gut-brain axis,” a bidirectional communication mechanism between the enteric and central nervous systems and the digestive system, has been supported by the discovery of α -syn clusters in peripheral locations, including the enteric nervous system (ENS), despite their most frequent location in the brain [ 16 ].…”

Elevated serum anti‐Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody accompanied by gut mycobiota dysbiosis as a biomarker of diagnosis in patients with de novo Parkinson disease

“…However, unlike PD, no significant gastrointestinal dysfunction was reported in ET patients compared with controls [33]. In a more recent study, Zhang et al demonstrated that patients with ET showed altered gut microbiota in an ET group compared with PD groups, indicating a difference in gut dysbiosis between ET and PD [34]. Overlapping clinical features between PD and ET make it challenging to discriminate between them, especially for early PD.…”