Speciation of Candida using CHROMagar in cases with oral epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma

Abstract

BackgroundCandida albicans is most frequently isolated from oral cavity but identification of other Candida species such as C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. glabrata & C. dubliniensis is increasing proportionately. A constant rise in immuno-suppressed patients, widening range of recognized pathogens, and resistance to antifungal drugs are contributing factors which stress the need for species identification of Candida, an opportunistic pathogen. Objectives: 1. To detect the prevalence of Candida albicans and Non albicans Candida albicans (NAC) species in the oral cavity of patients with epithelial dysplasia, Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and healthy controls. 2. To identify and differentiate Candidal species using CHROMagar, a differential media.Material and MethodsThe study included smears from 50 patients with histopathological confirmation of epithelial dysplasia & OSCC and 50 normal controls. Candida albicans was identified using Sabouraud dextrose agar media (SDA) as primary culture followed by species identification using CHROMagar on the basis of colony color and morphology.ResultsNon albicans candida predominated (66%) over Candida albicans (34%) in speciation on CHROMagar media in the study group. Non albicans Candida species isolated were C. tropicalis (38%), C. glabrata (24%) and 2 cases showing polyfungal population of C. albicans & C. glabrata.ConclusionsSpecies level isolation of Candida helps in early identification of resistant non Candida strains and prompt treatment of the cases there by preventing the dissemination of infection in case of immuno-compromised individuals. The data presented also supports the use of CHROMagar Candida as a pertinent media for the rapid identification of Candida species directly from clinical specimens in resource challenged settings, which could be helpful in developing appropriate therapeutic strategy and management of patients. Key words:Candida, CHROMagar, epithelial dysplasia, oral cancer.

Analyzing the Association between Candida Prevalence, Species Specificity, and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis— Candida and OSCC

“…Only seven studies [34][35][36][37][38][39][40] satisfied the inclusion criteria and provided sufficient data for qualitative analysis. Figure 1 provides a summary of the search strategy employed in the systematic review.…”

“…Due to these limitations, analyzing the association between oral microbes and OSCC has been largely inconclusive. One of the most commonly studied oral microbes in OSCC is Candida [16][17][18][19][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. Candida albicans have shown to produce carcinogens including nitrosamines, which can activate proto-oncogenes triggering carcinomatous changes [41].…”

Candida spp. Determination and Th1/Th2 Mixed Cytokine Profile in Oral Samples From HIV+ Patients With Chronic Periodontitis

“…Therefore, an acquisition technique should be standardized when CHROMagar is used. Nonetheless, considering our results we suggest that CHROMagar Candida Medium requires a confirmatory technique, such as PCR, to ensure the results, especially for Candida non-albicans species , as recommended by other authors (24, 29, 32).…”

“…identification. Currently, several authors have considered the use of CHROMagar Candida medium as a diagnostic test directly from the oral cavity (27, 28, 32). Taking advantage that we used this technique, we evaluated the CHROMagar effectiveness as a diagnosis technique.…”

The A756T Mutation of the ERG11 Gene Associated With Resistance to Itraconazole in Candida Krusei Isolated From Mycotic Mastitis of Cows

“…These cows have been treated with antibiotics before sample collection. The isolates of C. krusei were identified by using Candida chromogenic medium (CHROMagar, France) (18) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) with score values of >2.000 (VITEK R MS, BioMerieux, France) (19) and stored in liquid nitrogen.…”