Specialty Natural Rubber Latex Foam: Foamability Study and Fabrication Process

Ramli, Roslim; Chai, Ai Bao; Ho, Jee-Hou; Kamaruddin, Shamsul; Rasdi, Fatimah Rubaizah Mohd; Focatiis, Davide S.A. De

doi:10.5254/rct.21.78938

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The higher shrinkage rate observed when higher filler contents were incorporated into the foam was also reported by Ramli, R. et al [ 47 ]. Moreover, the addition of filler was most likely to corrupt the foam’s cell structure [ 17 ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

Effects of Bamboo Leaf Fiber Content on Cushion Performance and Biodegradability of Natural Rubber Latex Foam Composites

et al. 2023

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Bamboo leaf fiber (BLF) was incorporated into an eco-friendly foam cushion made from natural rubber latex (NRL) to enhance the biodegradation rate. The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of BLF content on the foam structure, mechanical properties, cushion performance, and biodegradability. The NRL foam cushion nets with and without BLF were prepared using the Dunlop method along with microwave-assisted vulcanization. BLF (90–106 µm in length) at various loadings (0.00, 2.50, 5.00, 7.50, and 10.00 phr) were introduced to the latex compounds before gelling and vulcanizing steps. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the BLF in a NRL foam caused an increase in cell size and a decrease in the number of cells. The changes in the cell structure and number of cells resulted in increases in the bulk density, hardness, compression set, compressive strength, and cushion coefficient. A soil burial test of 24 weeks revealed faster weight loss of 1.8 times when the BLF content was 10.00 phr as compared to the NRL foam without BLF. The findings of this work suggest the possibility of developing an eco-friendly cushion with a faster degradation rate while maintaining cushion performance, which could be a better alternative for sustainable packaging in the future.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

Effects of Bamboo Leaf Fiber Content on Cushion Performance and Biodegradability of Natural Rubber Latex Foam Composites

et al. 2023

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“…Compression set is one of the most important criteria to measure the returnability of rubbery composites to their original shape and size after being compressed . According to the space bars ( L 1 ), initial ( L 0 ) and final ( L 2 ) thicknesses of the samples (see Section ), and the following equation, the CS for all the composite samples was calculated and is reported in Figure . CS ( % ) = L 0 − L 2 L 0 − L 1 × 100 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compression set is one of the most important criteria to measure the returnability of rubbery composites to their original shape and size after being compressed. 51 According to the space bars (L 1 ), initial (L 0 ) and final (L 2 ) thicknesses of the samples (see Section 2.4.4), and the following equation, 52 the CS for all the composite samples was calculated and is reported in Figure 5. (9) To find the relationship between the mechanical, microstructural, and physical properties of the SBR/BR-Si 3 N 4 composite, the calculated toughness, crosslink density, and CS of the samples are exhibited together in Figure 5.…”

Section: Compression Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Study on the Effect of Highly Thermally Conductive Fillers on Improving the Properties of SBR/BR-Filled Nano-Silicon Nitride

Rasouli,

Zabihi,

Fasihi

et al. 2023

ACS Omega

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The effect of silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) as a thermally conductive material on the mechanical, microstructural, and physical properties as well as kinetics of the curing reaction of styrene-butadiene rubber/butadiene rubber (SBR/BR) was investigated in this work. The results showed an improvement in tensile, hardness, and compression features of the composite due to the presence of Si 3 N 4 . The properties were enhanced with the filler loading content; somehow, the composite including Si 3 N 4 = 6 parts per hundred (phr) had the most significant performance, an increase of ∼15 and 20% in the maximum strain and toughness of the composite, respectively, an increase of almost 7% in the hardness, and an ∼13% reduction in the compression set. Also, the filler led to an increase in the crosslink density (calculated via the Flory–Rehner equation using swelling test) by 7.12 × 10 –5 mol/g, proving the increment of the covalent bonds between the polymer chains during the curing reaction. The kinetic consideration revealed a reduction in the scorch and optimum curing times by ∼40 and ∼25%, respectively. In order to describe the kinetics of curing reaction of SBR/BR-Si 3 N 4 , an autocatalytic model based on the Kamal–Sourour model was applied on the rheometry results. The calculated kinetic parameters indicated that the thermally conductive Si 3 N 4 accelerated the curing reaction by ∼40%, particularly at Si 3 N 4 = 6 phr. After 6 phr of Si 3 N 4 , agglomeration of the filler particles decreased its performance.

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“…The CS is one of the most important criteria to measure the returnability of rubbery composites to their original shape and size after being compressed 56 . According to the space bars’ ( L 1 ), initial ( L 0 ), and final ( L 2 ) thicknesses of the samples (see Section 2.4.4) and the following equation, 57 the CS for all the composite samples was calculated and then exhibited in Figure 4.

CS (%) = \frac{L_{0} - L_{2}}{L_{0} - L_{1}} \times 100 .

…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the mechanical properties and curing characteristics of styrene‐butadiene rubber/butadiene rubber composites by incorporating silicon carbide

Zabihi,

Fasihi,

Rasouli

et al. 2023

Polymer Composites

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Thermal conductive filler, silicon carbide (SiC), has been investigated for its effects on the mechanical properties, microstructural properties, physical properties, and kinetic characteristics of styrene‐butadiene‐rubber/butadiene rubber (SBR/BR). SBR/BR‐SiC's tensile strength, strain at break, and toughness were improved by 5 phr SiC content within the composite. Specifically, there was a 44% increase in tensile strength, a 51% increase in strain at break, and impressive 113% increase in toughness. Additionally, there was a notable reduction of approximately ~15% in the compression set. The calculated crosslink density using the Flory–Rehner equation proved that the SiC filler increased the covalent bonds between the polymer chains during the curing reaction. The rheometry results showed a reduction in the scorch and optimum curing times by ~10% via the incorporation of SiC. The addition of 5 phr SiC decreased the curing duration time by 47%. The scanning electron microscopy images taken from the samples at different magnifications showed that the particle agglomeration after SiC = 5 phr was the main factor in reducing the SiC performance in the composite.Highlights Tensile properties of SBR/BR were improved with high thermal conductive SiC. SiC accelerated the rate of vulcanization reaction of SBR/BR. The crosslink density was maximized with the addition of SiC to the compound. Better heat transfer by SiC led to a reduction in the energy consumption of curing. Thermal diffusivity was raised with the addition of SiC to the compound.

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Specialty Natural Rubber Latex Foam: Foamability Study and Fabrication Process

Cited by 11 publications

References 29 publications

Effects of Bamboo Leaf Fiber Content on Cushion Performance and Biodegradability of Natural Rubber Latex Foam Composites

Effects of Bamboo Leaf Fiber Content on Cushion Performance and Biodegradability of Natural Rubber Latex Foam Composites

A Comprehensive Study on the Effect of Highly Thermally Conductive Fillers on Improving the Properties of SBR/BR-Filled Nano-Silicon Nitride

Improving the mechanical properties and curing characteristics of styrene‐butadiene rubber/butadiene rubber composites by incorporating silicon carbide

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