Special methods of source preparation

Lowenthal, G.C.; Wyllie, H.A.

doi:10.1016/0029-554x(73)90818-5

Cited by 21 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…It is practically important that fabrication of micron-sized dots does not require similarly small holes in a mask. As it was mentioned in early publications on the ESD fabrication of radioactive films, − the size of the ES deposited spots can be notably smaller than that of the hole in the dielectric mask. This effect may be called the lens effect.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ESD has been first used to produce thin radioactive sources in nuclear physics. [11][12][13][14] Other known applications of ESD include formation of layers of semiconductive ceramics, 15 formation of a protective polymer layer on an electrode surface, 16 preparation of samples for MS studies, 17,18 and modification of a silicon surface with a layer of silk-forming peptides 19 to promote adhesion of living cells. ESD has also been occasionally used to prepare samples of DNA, 20 proteins, 21 and synthetic polymer molecules 22 for imaging with scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Electrospray Deposition as a Method for Mass Fabrication of Mono- and Multicomponent Microarrays of Biological and Biologically Active Substances

1999

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Electrospray of protein and DNA solutions is currently used to generate ions for mass spectrometric analysis of these molecules. Deposition of charged electrospray products on certain areas of a substrate under control of electrostatic forces is suggested here as a method for fabrication of multiple deposits of any size and form. For example, multiple dots of protein, DNA, or other organic substances can be deposited simultaneously through an array of holes in a dielectric mask covering any slightly conductive substrate (membrane, wet glass, semiconductor, etc.). If every new substance is deposited after a shift of the mask with respect to the substrate, a multicomponent matrix is created under each hole. It is demonstrated that dots as small as 2-6 microns can be fabricated by such an electrospray deposition (ESD). It is also demonstrated that the ES-deposited proteins and DNA retain their ability to specifically bind antibodies and matching DNA probes, respectively, enabling use of the ESD fabricated matrixes in Dot Immuno-Binding (DIB) and in DNA hybridization assays.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Electrospray Deposition as a Method for Mass Fabrication of Mono- and Multicomponent Microarrays of Biological and Biologically Active Substances

1999

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“…27,28 The application of this technique to the deposition of nucleotide polymers is supported by results that suggest that electrospray can be used to deposit thin films of DNA and other materials in the atmosphere without significant fragmentation. [29][30][31][32][33][34] In general, electrospray is known as a "gentle technique", i.e., it does not result in significant fracturing of molecules, which has led to its wide application in mass spectrometry of large molecules. 35 In the presented experiments the electronic structure of the polycytidine homopolymer (poly rC) was determined in an experiment where poly rC was deposited in several steps onto an in situ cleaved highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrate with use of electrospray.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionization Energy and Electronic Structure of Polycytidine

Lägel

et al. 2006

J. Phys. Chem. B

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Ribonucleic acid (RNA) polycytidine (poly rC) homopolymer thin films were prepared on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrates. The films were grown from aqueous solution directly in a vacuum in multiple steps with use of an electrospray (ES) deposition system. Before poly rC deposition and after each deposition step the sample was characterized with X-ray and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (XPS, UPS). Evaluation of the UP-spectra sequence allowed the determination of ionization energy and highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) electronic structure, as well as the charge injection barriers between HOPG and poly rC. Comparison with earlier results on polyadenosine (poly rA) indicates significant differences between ionization energies (poly rC: 8.1 eV; poly rA: 6.8 eV) and orbital alignment at the graphite interface. The larger ionization energy of poly rC results in a larger hole injection barrier and a smaller electron injection barrier relative to the HOPG Fermi level.

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“…Acid based electrolyte was preferred as it possesses high solution conductivity. The use of sulphate bath emerged sagacious as the SO 4 2− anion is neither reduced at the cathode nor oxidized at the anode and at the same time permits operation at low current density. In the electrolyte, the SO 4 2− anions provide strength and H 3 BO 3 inhibits hydrogen evolution at far negative potentials [27,28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In response to the above demand, development of planar disc sources of 204 Tl commensurate with user specifications was undertaken. The effectiveness of the sourcemaking technique used largely determines the extent to which the radioactive material is uniformly distributed over the source area and adherence of the radioactive material to the substrate [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An electrochemical route to prepare planar ²⁰⁴Tl sources for the calibration of beta surface contamination monitors

Gandhi

Bhalla

Chakravarty

et al. 2013

Ract

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Tl / Autoradiography / Electrodeposition / Leachability / Polymer coating / Radioactive sourceSummary. This paper describes the utility of the electrochemical technique for the preparation of a circular planar 204 Tl source required for the calibration of beta surface contamination monitors. The electrolytic cell, the experimental set up used and the process of deposition are described. The factors that influence the electrodeposition of 204 Tl onto the circular copper substrate were investigated and a careful control has been exercised to ensure an optimum deposition of the 204 Tl activity onto the substrate. The morphology of the deposited layer was examined by SEM, AFM and EDS analyses. Sources containing ∼ 3.7 MBq (∼ 0.1 mCi) 204 Tl on a copper sheet of 20 mm diameter working area were prepared and housed in a holder. Quality control tests on the leachability, distribution of activity and stability of the source were performed to ensure compliance with regulatory safety requirements.

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Special methods of source preparation

Cited by 21 publications

References 11 publications

Electrospray Deposition as a Method for Mass Fabrication of Mono- and Multicomponent Microarrays of Biological and Biologically Active Substances

Electrospray Deposition as a Method for Mass Fabrication of Mono- and Multicomponent Microarrays of Biological and Biologically Active Substances

Ionization Energy and Electronic Structure of Polycytidine

An electrochemical route to prepare planar ²⁰⁴Tl sources for the calibration of beta surface contamination monitors

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Special methods of source preparation

Cited by 21 publications

References 11 publications

Electrospray Deposition as a Method for Mass Fabrication of Mono- and Multicomponent Microarrays of Biological and Biologically Active Substances

Electrospray Deposition as a Method for Mass Fabrication of Mono- and Multicomponent Microarrays of Biological and Biologically Active Substances

Ionization Energy and Electronic Structure of Polycytidine

An electrochemical route to prepare planar 204Tl sources for the calibration of beta surface contamination monitors

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Product

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An electrochemical route to prepare planar ²⁰⁴Tl sources for the calibration of beta surface contamination monitors