Spatiotemporal impacts of COVID-19 on air pollution in California, USA

Liu, Qian; Harris, Jared D.; Chiu, Long S.; Sun, Donglian; Houser, Paul R.; Yu, Manzhu; Duffy, Daniel Q.; Little, MC; Yang, Chaowei

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141592

Cited by 98 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…As shown in Fig. 2 , compared with the preceding period of COVID-19 lockdown, the average concentration of PM2.5 has decreased by 38% in California ( Liu et al, 2020b ), 21.8% in Hat Yai, Thailand ( Stratoulias and Nuthammachot, 2020 ), 52% in Pearl River Delta ( Wang et al, 2021 ) and 41.2% in Wuhan ( Sulaymon et al, 2021 ) during COVID-19 lockdown, and the average concentration of PM 10 has decreased by 31% in Barcelona, Spain ( Tobias et al, 2020 ), 22.9% in Hat Yai, Thailand ( Stratoulias and Nuthammachot, 2020 ) and 33.1% in Wuhan ( Sulaymon et al, 2021 ). Compared with the preceding years, PM 2.5 and PM 10 mass concentrations of 22 cities in India decreased by about 43% and 31% during the lockdown ( Sharma et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Changes In Aerosol Pollution During Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 89%

Multiple relationships between aerosol and COVID-19: A framework for global studies

et al. 2021

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COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019) is a severe respiratory syndrome currently causing a human global pandemic. The original virus, along with newer variants, is highly transmissible. Aerosol is a multiphase system consisting of the atmosphere with suspended solid and liquid particles, which can carry toxic and harmful substances; especially the liquid components. The degree to which aerosol can carry the virus and cause COVID-19 disease is of significant research importance. In this study, we have discussed the aerosol transmission as the pathway of SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2), and the aerosol pollution reduction as a consequence of the COVID-19 lockdown. The aerosol transmission routes of the SARS-CoV-2 can be further subdivided into proximal human-exhaled aerosol transmission and potentially more distal ambient aerosol transmission. The human-exhaled aerosol transmission is a direct dispersion of the SARS-CoV-2. The ambient aerosol transmission is an indirect dispersion of the SARS-CoV-2 in which the aerosol act as a carrier to spread the virus. This indirect dispersion can also stimulate the up-regulation of the expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE-2 (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2) and protease TMPRSS2 (Transmembrane Serine Protease 2), thereby increasing the incidence and mortality of COVID-19. From the aerosol quality data around the world, it can be seen that often atmospheric pollution has significantly decreased due to factors such as the reduction of traffic, industry, cooking and coal-burning emissions during the COVID-19 lockdown. The airborne transmission potential of SARS-CoV-2, the infectivity of the virus in ambient aerosols, and the reduction of aerosol pollution levels due to the lockdowns are crucial research subjects.

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Section: Changes In Aerosol Pollution During Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 89%

Multiple relationships between aerosol and COVID-19: A framework for global studies

et al. 2021

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“…Malaysia: (Abdullah et al, 2020;Ash'aari et al, 2020;Kanniah et al, 2020;Mohd Nadzir et al, 2020;Suhaimi et al, 2020) Other: (Jiayu and Federico, 2020;Stratoulias and Nuthammachot, 2020) West Asia Turkey: (Aydın et al, 2020;Ş ahin, 2020) Iran: (Broomandi et al, 2020;Faridi et al, 2020) Other: (Anil and Alagha, 2020;Hashim et al, 2020) North America United States: (Bauwens et al, 2020;Berman and Ebisu, 2020;Chen et al, 2020b;Hudda et al, 2020;Son et al, 2020;Zangari et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2020d;Liu et al, 2021b) South America…”

Section: Southeast Asiamentioning

confidence: 99%

The global impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns on urban air pollution

Gkatzelis

Gilman

Brown

et al. 2021

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

132

154

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The coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic led to government interventions to limit the spread of the disease which are unprecedented in recent history; for example, stay at home orders led to sudden decreases in atmospheric emissions from the transportation sector. In this review article, the current understanding of the influence of emission reductions on atmospheric pollutant concentrations and air quality is summarized for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter (PM2.5), ozone (O3), ammonia, sulfur dioxide, black carbon, volatile organic compounds, and carbon monoxide (CO). In the first 7 months following the onset of the pandemic, more than 200 papers were accepted by peer-reviewed journals utilizing observations from ground-based and satellite instruments. Only about one-third of this literature incorporates a specific method for meteorological correction or normalization for comparing data from the lockdown period with prior reference observations despite the importance of doing so on the interpretation of results. We use the government stringency index (SI) as an indicator for the severity of lockdown measures and show how key air pollutants change as the SI increases. The observed decrease of NO2 with increasing SI is in general agreement with emission inventories that account for the lockdown. Other compounds such as O3, PM2.5, and CO are also broadly covered. Due to the importance of atmospheric chemistry on O3 and PM2.5 concentrations, their responses may not be linear with respect to primary pollutants. At most sites, we found O3 increased, whereas PM2.5 decreased slightly, with increasing SI. Changes of other compounds are found to be understudied. We highlight future research needs for utilizing the emerging data sets as a preview of a future state of the atmosphere in a world with targeted permanent reductions of emissions. Finally, we emphasize the need to account for the effects of meteorology, emission trends, and atmospheric chemistry when determining the lockdown effects on pollutant concentrations.

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“…There is a growing literature studying and trying to estimate the impact of the pandemic on air pollution. Evidence of reductions in air pollution following the outbreak of the pandemic was found in many regions, such as Egypt ( Mostafa et al, 2021 ), the USA ( Liu et al, 2021 ), the UK ( Ropkins and Tate, 2021 ), and India ( Singh et al, 2020 ; Vadrevu et al, 2020 ). In the context of China, several recent studies found similar evidence that the variation in air pollution concentration in many regions of China dropped significantly during the pandemic ( Bao and Zhang, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impacts of human migration and city lockdowns on specific air pollutants during the COVID-19 outbreak: A spatial perspective

Zeng

Bao

2021

Journal of Environmental Management

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The outbreak of COVID-19 continues to bring unprecedented shock to mankind's socioeconomic activities, and to the wider environment. China, as the early epicenter of the pandemic, locked down one-third of its cities in an attempt to prevent the rapid spread of the virus. Human migration patterns have subsequently been radically altered and many regions have seen perceived improvements in air quality during the lockdowns. This study empirically examines the relationship between human migration and air pollution and further evaluates the causal impacts of the lockdowns. A spatial econometric method and a spatial explicit counterfactual framework are employed in this study. The key findings are as follows: i) a considerable amount of variation in AQI, PM 10 , PM 2.5 , and NO 2 concentration can be explained by human migration but we fail to find suggestive evidence in the cases of SO 2 and CO; ii) the implementation of lockdown measures led to a significant reduction in AQI (18.1%), PM 2.5 (22.2%), NO 2 (20.5%), and PM 10 (10.7%), but has no meaningful impacts on SO 2, CO and O 3 levels; iii) further analysis indicates that the impacts of lockdown policies varied by control stringency and by regional heterogeneity. Our findings are of great importance for the Chinese government to create a stronger and more coherent framework in its efforts to tackle air pollution.

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Spatiotemporal impacts of COVID-19 on air pollution in California, USA

Cited by 98 publications

References 31 publications

Multiple relationships between aerosol and COVID-19: A framework for global studies

Multiple relationships between aerosol and COVID-19: A framework for global studies

The global impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns on urban air pollution

The impacts of human migration and city lockdowns on specific air pollutants during the COVID-19 outbreak: A spatial perspective

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