Spatiotemporal Comparison of Overground and Treadmill Running With Pressure Sensor Insoles in Division I Collegiate Runners

Tao, Hanz; Joyce, Lindsay; Kozak, Bethany; Luiken, Jacob; Wendt, Nathan

doi:10.26603/ijspt20190731

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Of the 131 articles reviewed, 31 studies focused on pressure or force-sensitive insoles; two of those 31 studies investigated the use of a combined pressure insole and an IMU [ 98 , 122 ] and a further two studies utilised a pressure insole alongside accelerometers [ 53 , 123 ]. Of the studies that used pressure insoles, the lowest sampling frequency was 50 Hz [ 39 , 124 , 125 ] and the highest was 1029 Hz [ 123 ]; 100 Hz was the most common sampling frequency ( n = 13). Seven studies commented on the dimensions of the insoles/sensors [ 25 , 53 , 65 , 66 , 71 , 122 , 126 ], with the dimension range from 0.6 × 0.4 × 0.12 cm [ 65 ] to 2.55 cm [ 66 ] (Table 3 and Table 2 of the ESM).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The period during which the foot is not in contact with the ground [27,39,59,89,124,125,139] Cycle time…”

Section: Speed/pacementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The point of application of the GRF [125,141] Note: Some studies fall under more than one category GRF ground reaction force, vGRF vertical ground reaction force 111], for example, one study controlled running speed at 2 mmol/L blood lactate [70] (Table 2 of the ESM). Fifty-five studies examined running gait at selfselected speeds; amongst these studies there were large variations in instructing speed.…”

Section: Kinematicmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wearables for Running Gait Analysis: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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Background Running gait assessment has traditionally been performed using subjective observation or expensive laboratory-based objective technologies, such as three-dimensional motion capture or force plates. However, recent developments in wearable devices allow for continuous monitoring and analysis of running mechanics in any environment. Objective measurement of running gait is an important (clinical) tool for injury assessment and provides measures that can be used to enhance performance. Objectives We aimed to systematically review the available literature investigating how wearable technology is being used for running gait analysis in adults. Methods A systematic search of the literature was conducted in the following scientific databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus. Information was extracted from each included article regarding the type of study, participants, protocol, wearable device(s), main outcomes/measures, analysis and key findings. Results A total of 131 articles were reviewed: 56 investigated the validity of wearable technology, 22 examined the reliability and 77 focused on applied use. Most studies used inertial measurement units (n = 62) [i.e. a combination of accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers in a single unit] or solely accelerometers (n = 40), with one using gyroscopes alone and 31 using pressure sensors. On average, studies used one wearable device to examine running gait. Wearable locations were distributed among the shank, shoe and waist. The mean number of participants was 26 (± 27), with an average age of 28.3 (± 7.0) years. Most studies took place indoors (n = 93), using a treadmill (n = 62), with the main aims seeking to identify running gait outcomes or investigate the effects of injury, fatigue, intrinsic factors (e.g. age, sex, morphology) or footwear on running gait outcomes. Generally, wearables were found to be valid and reliable tools for assessing running gait compared to reference standards. Conclusions This comprehensive review highlighted that most studies that have examined running gait using wearable sensors have done so with young adult recreational runners, using one inertial measurement unit sensor, with participants running on a treadmill and reporting outcomes of ground contact time, stride length, stride frequency and tibial acceleration. Future studies are required to obtain consensus regarding terminology, protocols for testing validity and the reliability of devices and suitability of gait outcomes. Clinical Trial Registration CRD42021235527.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The period during which the foot is not in contact with the ground [27,39,59,89,124,125,139] Cycle time…”

Section: Speed/pacementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Kinematicmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wearables for Running Gait Analysis: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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“…To provide high‐quality data for disease analysis, insole sensors with high detection accuracy are required, giving rise to some general sensor design rules, after extensive experiments were carried out: 1)No or little impact is given to the user's natural gaits. [ 14 ] Generally, small volume, lightweight, and good flexibility are desired attributes for insole devices. 2)The force sensing range, device responsivity's long‐term stability under extreme conditions (such as heavy loads, frequent bends, and changing temperature), indicating the material preparation device design are of significance. 3)The layout of sensors should match the features of diseases under interest. 4)The system's scanning speed should support specific application requirements. …”

Section: Insole Pressure Sensor Constructionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plantar Pressure‐Based Insole Gait Monitoring Techniques for Diseases Monitoring and Analysis: A Review

Chen

Dai

Grimaldi

et al. 2021

Adv Materials Technologies

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Among diverse wearable techniques, insole‐based plantar pressure monitoring systems have surged as a leading technology to monitor patient's chronic disease progression. Such technological feat has been made possible due to the strong correlation between gait and disease status. Hence, insole‐based plantar pressure monitoring techniques are growing rapidly worldwide; with several research institutions and enterprises showing an increased interest in the field. This review intends to first explain the working principles of mainstream insole plantar sensing techniques and design considerations such as sensing material selection and electronics design requirements, and then the state‐of‐the‐art algorithms for plantar pressure distribution reconstruction. Following, this article will discuss disease monitoring applications and the extraction of disease features. Finally, insight regarding common challenges and their potential solutions within the field would be elucidated.

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“…In simplifying the categorization of running styles even further, the duty factor is a dimensionless ratio that carries similar information as the stiffness models but does not rely on the assumptions of the models used (van Oeveren et al, 2021 ). The duty factor is calculated as the proportion of stride time (contact time plus swing time) when the foot is in contact with the ground (Hanley et al, 2022 ) and is thus a similar concept to the stance:swing ratio (Tao et al, 2019 ), where higher duty factors reflect a greater relative contribution of the contact phase (Lussiana et al, 2019 ). In recreational distance runners, Patoz et al ( 2019 ) found that the duty factor could be used to rank runners as a measure of running form, but whether this also applies to professional soccer players, who undertake multifactorial training and greater ranges of running pace within a game, from jogging to sprinting, has not yet been investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grizzlies and gazelles: Duty factor is an effective measure for categorizing running style in English Premier League soccer players

Hanley¹,

Tucker²,

Gallagher³

et al. 2022

Front. Sports Act. Living

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English Premier League soccer players run at multiple speeds throughout a game. The aim of this study was to assess how well the duty factor, a dimensionless ratio based on temporal variables, described running styles in professional soccer players. A total of 25 players ran on an instrumented treadmill at 12, 16, and 20 km/h. Spatiotemporal and ground reaction force data were recorded for 30 s at each speed; video data (500 Hz) were collected to determine footstrike patterns. In addition to correlation analysis amongst the 25 players, two groups (both N = 9) of high and low duty factors were compared. The duty factor was negatively correlated with peak vertical force, center of mass (CM) vertical displacement, and leg stiffness (kleg) at all speeds (r ≥ −0.51, p ≤ 0.009). The low duty factor group had shorter contact times, longer flight times, higher peak vertical forces, greater CM vertical displacement, and higher kleg (p < 0.01). Among the high DF group players, eight were rearfoot strikers at all speeds, compared with three in the low group. The duty factor is an effective measure for categorizing soccer players as being on a continuum from terrestrial (high duty factor) to aerial (low duty factor) running styles, which we metaphorically refer to as “grizzlies” and “gazelles,” respectively. Because the duty factor distinguishes running style, there are implications for the training regimens of grizzlies and gazelles in soccer, and exercises to improve performance should be developed based on the biomechanical advantages of each spontaneous running style.

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Spatiotemporal Comparison of Overground and Treadmill Running With Pressure Sensor Insoles in Division I Collegiate Runners

Cited by 13 publications

References 28 publications

Wearables for Running Gait Analysis: A Systematic Review

Wearables for Running Gait Analysis: A Systematic Review

Plantar Pressure‐Based Insole Gait Monitoring Techniques for Diseases Monitoring and Analysis: A Review

Grizzlies and gazelles: Duty factor is an effective measure for categorizing running style in English Premier League soccer players

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