Spatio-Temporal Variability in Remotely Sensed Vegetation Greenness Across Yellowstone National Park

Abstract

The study’s objective was to quantify the responses of vegetation greenness and productivity to climate variability and change across complex topographic, climatic, and ecological gradients in Yellowstone National Park through the use of remotely sensed data. The climate change signal in Yellowstone was pronounced, including substantial warming, an abrupt decline in snowpack, and more frequent droughts. While phenological studies are increasing in Yellowstone, the near absence of long-term and continuous ground-based phenological measurements motivated the study’s application of remotely sensed data to aid in identifying ecological vulnerabilities and guide resource management in light of on ongoing environmental change. Correlation, time-series, and empirical orthogonal function analyses for 1982–2015 focused on Daymet data and vegetation indices (VIs) from the Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The study’s key questions address unique time scales. First, what are the dominant meteorological drivers of variability in vegetation greenness on seasonal to interannual time scales? Key results include: (1) Green-up is the most elevation- and climate-sensitive phenological stage, with La Niña-induced cool, wet conditions or an anomalously deep snowpack delaying the green-up wave. (2) Drought measures were the dominant contributors towards phenological variability, as winter–spring drought corresponded to enhanced April–June greening and spring–summer drought corresponded to reduced August–September greening. Second, how have patterns of productivity changed in response to climate change and disturbances? Key results include: (1) The park predominantly exhibited positive productivity trends, associated with lodgepole pine re-establishment and growth following the 1988 fires. (2) Landscapes which were undisturbed by the 1988 fires showed no apparent sign of warming-induced greening. This study motivates a systematic investigation of remote-sensing data across western parks to identify ecological vulnerabilities and support the development of climate change vulnerability assessments and adaptation strategies.

Greater Yellowstone climate assessment: past, present, and future climate change in greater Yellowstone watersheds

“…Climate trends that alter snow accumulation and the snowmelt period, as well as year-to-year variability, affect water availability in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and wetlands (McMenamin et al 2008;Schook and Cooper 2014;Ray et al 2019), groundwater recharge (Rye and Truesdall 2007;Gardner et al 2010), and accessibility for uptake by plants and animals (Middleton et al 2013;Notaro et al 2019;Potter, 2020).…”

The propagule doesn’t fall far from the tree, especially after short‐interval, high‐severity fire

“…The latter may be likely, given that postfire conditions under modern climate tend to be warmer now than they have been historically (Hansen et al 2016, Hansen and Turner 2019). Temperatures in the GYE have already warmed (Hansen et al 2016, Notaro et al 2019), and future warming may lead not only to increased fire frequencies, but also altered conditions for conifer establishment and survival.…”

The Mixing Regime and Turbidity of Lake Banyoles (NE Spain): Response to Climate Change

“…There, the hydrothermal plumes have been found to travel upwards in the water column until the depth where their neutral buoyancy was attained. Bearing in mind that the Yellowstone region has not only been found to have warmed during the last decades but has also presented a reduction in rainfall [42], the results found for Lake Banyoles can provide some clues as to how larger lakes with hydrothermal activity may evolve in similar future climate-change scenarios. Moreover, the mixed period of Lake Banyoles is becoming shorter with time, therefore reducing the period when the hydrothermal turbid plumes travel up to the lake's surface.…”