Spatio-temporal changes in the six major glaciers of the Chitral River basin (Hindukush Region of Pakistan) between 2001 and 2018

Gul, Jawaria; Sher, Muhammad; Liu, Shiyin; Ullah, Siddique; Ahmad, Shakeel; Hayat, Huma; Tahir, Adnan Ahmad

doi:10.1007/s11629-019-5728-9

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 66 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…During the period 1866-2006, it has also reported that important declining tendencies in the monsoon precipitation (Bhutiyani et al, 2010). A periodic tendency analysis has shown an important rise in the temperature which may be the cause of glaciers terminus retreat (Gul et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Glaciers in mountainous area are the freshwater environment on this earth's and important component of universal stream ow cycles (Bajracharya et al, 2015;Gul et al, 2020).Water sources are mostly effected by the change of glacier dissolve over ow in the tall mountains including the Himalayas, Karakoram and Hindukush (HKH) (Agrawal, Thayyen, & Dimri, 2018;Gul et al, 2020). Mountain glaciers are the predominant water suppliers for large rivers (Naeem et al, 2016;Shrestha et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatio-temporal Change in the Glaciers of Astore Basin (North-Western Himalaya), between 2016 and 2021 using Sentinel-2 Satellite Data

Gul,

Khan,

Baig

et al. 2024

Journal of the Geological Society of India

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About 2400 kilometers long Himalayan region hosts thousands of glaciers which covers about 40,000 km2 as per last update in September 2021. Estimation of snout variation positioning, statistical analysis of climate trends, and the Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA) of most of the glaciers is challenging due to the rough terrain, higher altitudes and scarcity of spatio-temporal field observations. Moreover, without the climatic data and separating contour between glacier’s accumulation and ablation zones, estimation of the net variation in glacier mass loss or gain over a fixed year, leads to ambiguous results. Therefore, a quarterly trend analysis was carried out on climate data (temperature and precipitation ) and river discharge to evaluate the climate pattern in the Astore Basin. Moreover, this study uses the accumulation area ratio, AAR (0.6 ±0.5) (used for high-altitude mountain glaciers), and accumulation area balance ratio, AABR (2.24 ±0.9) with an interval of 0.05 and 0.01 to estimate ELAs, respectively. The results show that the Bazhin glacier retreat (-2.1 km²) as compared to the Chhongpher (-1.1 km²) and Chongra (-1.2 km²) glaciers. A maximum retreat of the snout position of Bazhin glacier was 1595 m , 3260 m in Chhongpher glacier, and 960 m in Chongra glacier. An increase in the ratio of annual AAR from 0.4 to 0.8 results in reductions of the accumulation area of three major glaciers in the study area. We conclude that the largest glaciers (e.g. Bazhin, Chhongpher and Chongra) stretched between lower to higher altitudes are likely to be more vulnerable, due to the highest AAR and AABR values reported between 5000-5600 meters above sea level (masl). However, the ice-lost estimates vary greatly depending on their three-dimensional surfaces.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio-temporal Change in the Glaciers of Astore Basin (North-Western Himalaya), between 2016 and 2021 using Sentinel-2 Satellite Data

Gul,

Khan,

Baig

et al. 2024

Journal of the Geological Society of India

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“…Glacier melt from the watershed locality contributes meaningfully to the ow of River Chitral as it runs down the valley (Shamsuddin, 2020). Tirich Mir with a mean elevation of 7708 m (asl) is the highest peak and snow cover of the Hindukush region and is also situated in the catchment area of the Chitral river basin (Gul et al, 2020). The basin covers large to small size glaciers (Shakir et al, 2010).…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the changing trend of climate data temperature and precipitation, the nonparametric test Mann-Kendall trend test with Sen's Slope Estimator was used. It was used to estimate the magnitude of the trend for time series data (Ahmad et al, 2018;Gul et al, 2020;Hussain et al, 2015) for both variables.…”

Section: Climatic Effects On Mass Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of glacier mass balance using remote sensing and GIS technology in the Hindu Kush region of northern Pakistan

et al. 2023

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The Hindu Kush range of northern Pakistan has a large variety of Alpine and valley glaciers. These glaciers are subjected to volumetric changes owing to a host of factors (i.e., altitude, slope, glacier types, and aspect). The geodetic survey and eld-based data are not available for assessment of glacier's ELA for the Hindu Kush due to rough topography and rigorous climate. However, the mass balance of the alpine and valley glaciers can be obtained through Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA) and Accumulation Area Ratio (AAR). Therefore, this study deals with the estimation of ELA, the hypsometrically controlled methods based on AAR and Accumulation Area Balance Ratio (AABR). The various ratio of AAR and AABR is applied to obtain the glacier ELAs of valley glaciers. AAR-ELAs are estimated based on ratios between 0.4-0.8 with 0.05 interval a d 0.67-4.4 with 0.01 for AABR-ELAs Moreover, the glacier contours with the interval of 50 m ± 5 m are employed for these estimations. This technique adjusted glacier hypsometry and area with the constant AAR ratio (rather than constant glacier area) to calculate the ELA variations. The results show that for AAR (0.5), 50m ELA declined from 5409 to 5359 m and reducing 4% the geometric area. The maximum decrease of 150 m ELA for these glaciers is reported for the AAR-AABR ratio 0.1-4.4, showing a signi cant decrease. The estimated decrease in the glacier area of Hindu-Kush glaciers is extremely variable speci cally in Phargam, Khorabohr and Gordoghan.

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“…In the last two decades, glaciers in the Himalayan region retreated extensively [3], although it is still unclear which climatic variable is playing a significant role in glacier retreat. Glaciers are considered the prime source of climate change indicators [4]. The climate of the HKH region varies greatly and depends on two different climate regimes in which westerlies influence the northern and western parts while southern and eastern parts are influenced by monsoon [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Climate Change on Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Glaciers in Western Karakoram Region since 1990: A Case Study of Central Karakoram National Park

Moazzam

Bae

Lee

2022

Water

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Glaciers in the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) in Pakistan are the major source of water, irrigation, and power production for downstream regions. Global warming has induced a substantial impact on these glaciers. In the present study, Landsat images were utilized to evaluate the glaciers for the period from 1990–2020 in the Central Karakoram National Park (CKNP) region to further correlate with climate parameters. The results reveal that glaciers are retreating and the highest (2.33 km2) and lowest (0.18 km2) recession rates were observed for Biafo and Khurdopin glaciers, respectively. However, a minor advancement has also been observed for the period from 1990–2001. More than 80% of glacier recession was recorded between 2009–2020 because mean summer temperature increased at both Skardu and Gilgit meteorological stations, while precipitation decreased at both stations from 2005–2020. The increase in mean summer temperature and decrease in winter precipitation resulted in glacial retreat, which will lead to water scarcity in the future as well as affect the agriculture sector and hydropower production in downstream areas of the Indus River basin.

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Spatio-temporal changes in the six major glaciers of the Chitral River basin (Hindukush Region of Pakistan) between 2001 and 2018

Cited by 12 publications

References 66 publications

Spatio-temporal Change in the Glaciers of Astore Basin (North-Western Himalaya), between 2016 and 2021 using Sentinel-2 Satellite Data

Spatio-temporal Change in the Glaciers of Astore Basin (North-Western Himalaya), between 2016 and 2021 using Sentinel-2 Satellite Data

Estimation of glacier mass balance using remote sensing and GIS technology in the Hindu Kush region of northern Pakistan

Impact of Climate Change on Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Glaciers in Western Karakoram Region since 1990: A Case Study of Central Karakoram National Park

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