Spatially, Spectrally Single-Mode and Mechanically Flexible 3D-Printed Terahertz Transmission Waveguides

Wu, Chongzhao; Chen, Bo; Wei, Wei; Shao, Jingzhu; Xu, Borui; Zhu, Hao; Xu, Gangyi

doi:10.1109/jphot.2021.3135659

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Recently, the design and fabrication methods of THz waveguide devices based on 3D printing technique have been developed [25][26][27]. In 2018, Li et al fabricated a low-loss THz hollow waveguide by 3D printing technology, whose transmission loss and beam divergence angle were 0.015 cm −1 and 6.8 • , respectively [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2018, Li et al fabricated a low-loss THz hollow waveguide by 3D printing technology, whose transmission loss and beam divergence angle were 0.015 cm −1 and 6.8 • , respectively [25]. In 2022, Chen et al demonstrated a 3D-printed flexible THz transmission waveguides, which is realized by coating composite silver nanoparticles and polydimethylsiloxane on the inner surface of the 3D-printed polycarbonate/rubber substrate tube [26]. In 2023, Xu and Skorobogatiy highlighted practical applications of 3D printed waveguides in manipulating THz waves, including the refractive index sensors, dispersion compensators, and adddrop multiplexers [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Terahertz narrow-band filter based on 3D-printed periodic waveguides

Wang,

Liu,

et al. 2024

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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Terahertz (THz) devices, especially waveguide-type functional devices related to transmission and control, are severely scarce due to the lack of effective design and fabrication methods. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a waveguide type of THz narrow-band filter based on 3D-printed technology, which is realized by a cylindrical hollow metal structure with corrugated tube walls. The semi-cylindrical periodic corrugations are 3D printed on a photosensitive resin substrate material, followed by sputtering a layer of gold film on its surface to endow the structure with THz filtering functions. A hollow cylindrical corrugated waveguide is obtained by assembling two identical semi-circular corrugations together. The periodic structure with Bragg resonances can produce a frequency stop band, in which the propagation of THz waves is significantly suppressed. We print a wider section of corrugations in the middle of the waveguide, which destroys the perfect periodicity of the structure and forms a defect. Due to the local resonance caused by the defect, we observe an additional narrow-band transmission peak within the former stop band, which is a good candidate for THz filtering. The filtering bandwidth and extinction ratio are 1.8 GHz and 28 dB, respectively, and the Q-factor reaches 234. The proposed 3D-printed THz filter has the advantages of the simple structure, excellent performance, and easy integration, which can improve the existing THz systems in various applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Terahertz narrow-band filter based on 3D-printed periodic waveguides

Wang,

Liu,

et al. 2024

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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“…Moreover, the guided mode of dielectric waveguide is generally dominated by HE 11 , which can lead to serious crosstalk issues in fiber bundle. 8 In addition to the dielectric fiber bundle, a wire medium has been widely applied in the super-resolution THz imaging due to the extreme optical anisotropy and strong spatial dispersion. 38,39 Evanescent waves in free space can be transformed into TEM wave transmission in the wire medium, enabling a given field distribution to be transmitted through such structure with a minimal loss of resolution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The THz waveguide or fiber is an effective method to guide and deliver THz waves, which shows significant values in applications such as endoscopy and subwavelength resolution imaging. , Among all of the waveguide structures, hollow-core waveguides have proved to be significantly functional in imaging applications. For example, Lu et al proposed a fiber-scanning THz imaging system based on a subwavelength plastic fiber .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Low-Loss Hollow-Core Waveguide Bundle for Terahertz Imaging under a Cryogenic Environment

Chen,

Zhou,

Shao

et al. 2024

ACS Photonics

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Optical fiber bundles have been widely used in microendoscopic biomedical imaging, Raman microscopy, and depth-resolved imaging due to their flexibility, long-distance transmission, and high spatial resolution. However, there are few reports on fiber bundles in the terahertz (THz) band, which significantly limits the applications in the biomedical field and nondestructive imaging. Although sapphire dielectric fiber-based bundles have shown promising applications in THz imaging, it is difficult to achieve long-distance and high-quality imaging due to the high absorption coefficient and uneven arrangements of fibers. Here, we propose a copper hollow-core waveguide bundle with a hexagonal arrangement, which is fabricated by a low-cost extrusion and stacking method. Simulation results demonstrate that transmission loss of the TE11 mode increases with the decrease of the inner radius of metallic waveguides, which is consistent with the experimental results. Moreover, under liquid nitrogen conditions, the metallic waveguide bundle exhibits higher output power under different biasing currents of THz quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). The effect of the inner radius of the waveguide on the bundle’s spatial resolution has been thoroughly analyzed theoretically and experimentally with a maximum spatial resolution of ∼400 μm, indicating the accuracy of fabrication. In addition, different square tablets with four different mixed ratios of polytetrafluoroethylene powders and silver nanoparticles are well distinguished by the THz waveguide bundle-based transmission images. Moreover, the imaging performance of the THz waveguide bundle is simulated and such a bundle with a length of 6 cm is employed to experimentally demonstrate the remarkable terahertz imaging capabilities. The THz waveguide bundle in this work is well integrated with QCLs to enable long-distance submillimeter near-field terahertz imaging, especially in applications with cryogenic environments.

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“…Although various metamaterial-based THz devices can realize the modulation function of THz waves, there are still some shortcomings, such as difficult material preparation, easy oxidation and corrosion, difficult integration, and so on [20][21][22][23]. In contrast, high-efficiency transmission waveguides and waveguide-type functional devices have shown greater advantages than the free space transmission of THz waves [24][25][26][27]. However, researchers have paid more attention to reduce the loss and dispersion of waveguides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antisymmetric localization of terahertz defect modes in a planar waveguide with undulated walls

Ma¹,

Liu²,

Zhang³

et al. 2022

Phys. Scr.

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Although various terahertz (THz) functional devices based on artificial materials have been widely proposed, their performance is still unsatisfactory due to the limitation of the involved guided wave modes. The introduction of defects can result in a strong localization effect, which has been found in applications of improving device performance. Due to Bragg resonances, the localization is usually symmetrical about the center of defects. Here, based on multiple mode resonances, we demonstrate an antisymmetric localization of THz waves in a periodic parallel plate waveguide with non-Bragg nature resonances. Unexpectedly, such resonances can produce two extremely narrow transmissions with a transmittance close to 1, and the narrowest linewidth can reach 2 MHz and the Q-factor is close to 7.5×105, which would be good candidates for THz filtering and sensing. Referring to the field distributions, we employ the mathematical operation symbols of the equal sign “=” and the multiplication sign “×” to intuitively mark these two antisymmetric localizations with different characteristics. The dispersion curves and mode analysis reveal that the observed antisymmetric localizations caused by non-Bragg resonances are induced by the first- and second-order transverse modes. Furthermore, the frequency of antisymmetric localizations can be manipulated by changing the geometry of defects. Our findings on extremely narrow transmission peaks and antisymmetric localizations pave a way for creating high performance THz functional devices, such as switches, filters, and sensors.

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Spatially, Spectrally Single-Mode and Mechanically Flexible 3D-Printed Terahertz Transmission Waveguides

Cited by 6 publications

References 57 publications

Terahertz narrow-band filter based on 3D-printed periodic waveguides

Terahertz narrow-band filter based on 3D-printed periodic waveguides

A Low-Loss Hollow-Core Waveguide Bundle for Terahertz Imaging under a Cryogenic Environment

Antisymmetric localization of terahertz defect modes in a planar waveguide with undulated walls

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