Spatial violence and everyday borders in contested cities: Literary representations of walking in Anna Burns’s Milkman

Abstract

This article examines the representation of walking and the narrativization of borders in Troubles-era Belfast in Anna Burns’s 2018 novel Milkman. I argue that the protagonist, Middle Sister, develops her own narrative form and walking method as ‘tactics’ to challenge the city’s imposed sectarian geographies and as a response to navigating a city of intense surveillance. In her narrativization, Middle Sister replaces place references with her own complex naming system and lexicon and negotiates urban space by ‘reading-while-walking’. As a result, Middle Sister attempts to dislocate the political nature of the conflict by mediating Belfast on her own terms and asserting her own spatial practices. However, as I demonstrate in the final section in conversation with trauma theory, there are limitations to Middle Sister’s walking practice, which is disrupted by the urban hauntings of her troubled city, triggering particular psychosomatic responses and traumatic memories.

“‘over the road,’ ‘over the water’ and ‘over the border’”

“…2 For an overview of the history of border studies see Brunet-Jailly (2005). 3 For a recent approach to the spatial geography of the Troubles, "the internal boundaries that shape cities experiencing conflict, where borders are more dynamic" (176), see Mathuria (2022).…”