Spatial variability pattern and mapping of selected soil properties in hilly areas of Hindukush range northern, Pakistan

Abstract

Article InfoSoil samples at 0-20 cm depth were collected from major crop areas of Hindukush mountainous range, District Chitral, extreme Northwestern Pakistan, during April 2014 to assess their physico-chemical properties and spatial distribution pattern. 103 soil samples were analyzed and maps were created by geostatistical technique of inverse distance weighting and kriging techniques using GIS and GS win-7 computer software. The soil texture ranged from silt loam to dominantly sandy loam, slightly acidic to alkaline and moderate to highly calcareous but with no salinity indication. Soil organic matter was higher than 2 % in about 75 % of samples. Soil pH, EC and lime showed slight dependence on each other with r values from 0.4 to 0.5 while OM varied independently as indicated by their lower correlation values. Semivariogram analysis showed that soil pH, lime, OM had strong spatial dependence (nugget-sill ratio, <25%) while silt, sand, EC had moderately (nugget-sill ratio, 25-75%) and clay had weakly distributed in the area. Linear, Gaussian and exponential models were used for different soil parameter based on nugget, mean prediction error and root mean square standardize prediction error values and maps were developed through extension techniques to cover all the area outside the sampling points.

Zeminlerin geoteknik özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesinde coğrafi bilgi sistemi yaklaşımı: Kayseri Oymaağaç örneği

“…Adam vd., çalışma alanı olan Hassan Umman Kampüsü'nde (Nijerya) ArcGIS (V:10.2.1) programı ile doğal komşuluk enterpolasyon yöntemi kullanılarak geoteknik verilerin analizi ve haritalandırılması sunulmuştur [20]. Ahmad vd., Pakistan'ın kuzeyindeki Hindukush bölgesinde seçilmiş 103 noktadan 20 cm derinlikte toplanılan örneklerden zemin özelliklerinin mekânsal analiz haritaları çeşitli enterpolasyon yöntemleriyle oluşturulmuştur [21]. Literatürde, Ters Mesafe Ağırlıklı Enterpolasyon Yöntemi (Inverse Distance Weighting) IDW ve Kriging enterpolasyon yöntemleri tercih edilmekte ve modellerin oluşturulmasında başarıyla kullanılmaktadır [19,20,28].…”