“…For solid and semi-solid foods, the disintegration kinetics in the stomach is an important factor controlling the gastric emptying and subsequent nutrient release kinetics (Guo, Ye, Lad, Dalgleish, & Singh, 2014;Guo et al, 2015;Kong & Singh, 2008b, 2009a. Due to the importance of monitoring food particle breakdown in the gastric environment, techniques including image analysis, sieving and laser diffraction were proposed to quantify changes in particle size distribution of foods during in vitro and in vivo gastric digestion (Bornhorst, Kostlan, & Singh, 2013;Drechsler & Ferrua, 2016;Guo et al, 2015;Nau et al, 2019). Additionally, mathematical models have been proposed to characterise the in vitro and in vivo disintegration kinetics of solid food during gastric digestion (Bornhorst & Paul Singh, 2014;Drechsler & Ferrua, 2016).…”