Spatial patterns of the frog Oophaga pumilio in a plantation system are consistent with conspecific attraction

Abstract

The conspecific attraction hypothesis predicts that individuals are attracted to conspecifics because conspecifics may be cues to quality habitat and/or colonists may benefit from living in aggregations. Poison frogs (Dendrobatidae) are aposematic, territorial, and visually oriented—three characteristics which make dendrobatids an appropriate model to test for conspecific attraction. In this study, we tested this hypothesis using an extensive mark‐recapture dataset of the strawberry poison frog (Oophaga pumilio) from La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. Data were collected from replicate populations in a relatively homogenous Theobroma cacao plantation, which provided a unique opportunity to test how conspecifics influence the spatial ecology of migrants in a controlled habitat with homogenous structure. We predicted that (1) individuals entering a population would aggregate with resident adults, (2) migrants would share sites with residents at a greater frequency than expected by chance, and (3) migrant home ranges would have shorter nearest‐neighbor distances (NND) to residents than expected by chance. The results were consistent with these three predictions: Relative to random simulations, we observed significant aggregation, home‐range overlap, and NND distribution functions in four, five, and six, respectively, of the six migrant–resident groups analyzed. Conspecific attraction may benefit migrant O. pumilio by providing cues to suitable home sites and/or increasing the potential for social interactions with conspecifics; if true, these benefits should outweigh the negative effects of other factors associated with aggregation. The observed aggregation between migrant and resident O. pumilio is consistent with conspecific attraction in dendrobatid frogs, and our study provides rare support from a field setting that conspecific attraction may be a relevant mechanism for models of anuran spatial ecology.

The Effect of Habitat Choice on Evolutionary Rescue in Subdivided Populations

“…For prey species, highly populated locations can be an indication for a safe shelter or of a place with numerous mating opportunities. This type of positive density-dependent immigration (also called conspecific attraction) is, for example, found in several amphibians, such as the salamander species Mertensiella luschani (Gautier et al 2006) and Ambystoma maculatum (Greene et al 2016) as well as the frogs Oophaga pumilio (Folt et al 2018).…”

Reproductive behavior drives female space use in a sedentary Neotropical frog

“…Poison frogs are diurnal and mostly show long-term site fidelity or territoriality (Pröhl, 2005;Wells, 2007), displaying their whole behavioral repertoire in relatively small areas. Space use in this clade is shaped by various factors, such as parental care strategies (Brown, Morales & Summers, 2009), parental state (Haase & Pröhl, 2002), number of surrounding mating partners (Folt, Donnelly & Guyer, 2018), distribution of reproductive sites (Donnelly, 1989;Pröhl & Berke, 2001) or abundance of food (Pough & Taigen, 1990). While male site fidelity and long-distance movements in species with uniparental male care is closely linked to caretaking duties (Brown, Morales & Summers, 2009;Ursprung et al, 2011;Beck et al, 2017), movement patterns and reasons for site-fidelity are not well understood for the polygamous females.…”

The effect of habitat choice on evolutionary rescue in subdivided populations

“…This type of positive density-dependent immigration (also called conspecific attraction) is for example found in several amphibians, e.g. the salamander species Mertensiella luschani (Gautier et al, 2006) and Ambystoma maculatum (Greene et al, 2016) or the frogs Oophaga pumilio (Folt et al, 2018). Old-New ( π w > 0, π m < 0) Wild-type individuals preferentially immigrate into old-habitat patches, while mutants prefer new-habitat patches.…”