Spatial patterns of pollutants in water of metropolitan drain in Lahore, Pakistan, using multivariate statistical techniques

Majeed, Shumaila; Rashid, Sajid; Qadir, Abdul; Mackay, Colin; Hayat, Faisal

doi:10.1007/s10661-018-6504-y

Cited by 18 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Furthermore, to evaluate data and detect patterns and trends in water quality, statistical analysis methods are extensively employed in water quality evaluation in Pakistan. Principal component analysis (PCA) [168]; cluster analysis (CA) [87]; multivariate statistical techniques (MST), such as factor analysis (FA) and discriminant analysis (DA) [84,198]; and statistical process control are among these methodologies (SPC). In addition, along with these, various other methods are now being used to characterize and evaluate the quality of groundwater.…”

Section: Methods Used For the Water Quality Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring in Pakistan: A Comprehensive Review

et al. 2023

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Water quality has been a major problem in Pakistan owing to a mix of factors such as population expansion, industrial units in urban areas, and agricultural activities. The purpose of this research is to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of water quality monitoring and assessment in Pakistan. The article begins by examining the water sources of Pakistan (i.e., surface water, groundwater, and rainwater). The paper then discusses the methods used by researchers in Pakistan for water quality monitoring and assessment, including chemical, physical, and biological methods. It has been determined that in certain regions in Pakistan, the concentration of arsenic present in the groundwater exceeds the national and international prescribed maximum limits. The range of arsenic concentrations in the Punjab province can vary from 10 to 200 μg/L, while higher concentrations of up to 1400 μg/L have been recorded in Sindh. In the Punjab province, fluoride concentrations vary from 0.5 to 30 mg/L, while in Sindh, the levels can reach up to 18 mg/L. In addition, some of the research has talked about bacteria. A 2017 study found that the fecal coliform concentrations in certain water in different cities of Pakistan surpassed limits and were as high as 1100 CFU/100 mL. Additionally, natural factors such as geological formations and high salinity in some areas contribute to the contamination of water. The effect of water pollution on public health has the potential to cause harm. It is critical to investigate creative strategies for improving water quality, and it is necessary to make investments in research and development, which could include the implementation of sophisticated technologies and the conception of new treatment processes. The review performed in this paper facilitates an understanding of the current water quality in Pakistan, including the types and magnitudes of contaminants present in the water sources. Subsequently, the assessment emphasizes deficiencies and challenges in the existing water quality monitoring frameworks and provides suggestions for improving them. This review is also of significant benefit to all the stakeholders involved in ensuring clean and safe water for human consumption and other purposes in Pakistan, such as policymakers, water managers, researchers, and other stakeholders.

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Section: Methods Used For the Water Quality Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring in Pakistan: A Comprehensive Review

et al. 2023

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“…This indicates that Sattu Katla drain, running through Quaid-e-Azam industrial estate and carrying about 7500 m 3 hr -1 water to HD, causing a dilution of Mn and infestation of Fe in agricultural land surrounding HD. This hypothesis is supported by a Sattu Katla water quality report claiming mean concentration of Fe in water as 0.529 ppm (Majeed et al, 2018), whereas overall average concentration of Fe in HD was 0.06 ppm (Table 2). However, we found no report on Mn status of Sattu Katla and Charrar drains water.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Depletion risks of essential trace metals in a transboundary drain and its surrounding soil using GIS techniques

Javaid¹

2021

PAKJAS

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Hudiara drain, a big sewage water body originating from India, is an important tributary of river Ravi in Pakistan. In present study, role of the drain in build-up/depletion of metal micronutrients Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in surrounding agricultural lands has been investigated. Soil samples, up to a vertical distance of 1200 m on both sides of the drain and drain water samples were collected and analysed for metal micronutrients. Soil analysis results were interpolated by using the best optimized interpolator to generate continuous variation of the selected metals. Further patterns have been identified using proximity stat with consecutive neighbouring zones of 100 m extent. Cu and Mn concentrations were higher in some drain water samples, whereas Fe and Zn were found below guidelines in all collected water samples. In adjacent agricultural land the metals did not show uniform dispersal pattern along the drain length. However, vertical pattern of distribution indicated that drain water was controlling Cu and Zn concentrations, positively, whereas it was causing a dilution effect on Fe and Mn build-up in the surrounding agricultural lands.

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“…Previous studies on groundwater quality assessment in Pakistan have investigated a limited set of parameters, mostly focused on major cities, including Lahore [27], Rawalpindi and Islamabad [28], Lower Jhelum Canal [29], and the industrialized city of Faisalabad [30] using the integrated geospatial and water quality index approaches in Pakistan. While providing important insights into groundwater pollution sources in urban areas, the water quality evaluations have been constrained to a few heavy metals and microbiological parameters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Assessment and Geostatistical Evaluation of Groundwater Quality through Water Quality Indices

Naz,

Ahmad,

Aslam

et al. 2023

Water

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This study undertook an assessment of 24 physiochemical parameters at over 1094 sites to compute the water quality index (WQI) across the upper and central Punjab regions of Pakistan. Prior to the WQI calculation, an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was employed to assign specific weights to each water quality parameter. The categorization of WQI into distinct classes was achieved by constructing a pairwise matrix based on their relative importance utilizing Saaty’s scale. Additionally, the groundwater quality status for irrigation and drinking purposes across various zones in the study area was delineated through the integration of WQI and geostatistical methodologies. The findings revealed discernible heavy metal issues in the Lahore division, with emerging microbiological contamination across the entire study region, potentially attributed to untreated industrial effluent discharge and inadequately managed sewerage systems. The computed indices for the Lahore, Sargodha, and Rawalpindi divisions fell within the marginal to unfit categories, indicating water quality concerns. In contrast, the indices for other divisions were in the medium class, suggesting suitability for drinking purposes. Scenario analysis for developing mitigation strategies indicated that primary treatment before wastewater disposal could rehabilitate 9% of the study area, followed by secondary (35%) and tertiary (41%) treatments. Microbiological contamination (27%) emerged as the predominant challenge for water supply agencies. Given the current trajectory of water quality deterioration, access to potable water is poised to become a significant public concern. Consequently, government agencies are urged to implement appropriate measures to enhance overall groundwater quality for sustainable development.

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Spatial patterns of pollutants in water of metropolitan drain in Lahore, Pakistan, using multivariate statistical techniques

Cited by 18 publications

References 25 publications

Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring in Pakistan: A Comprehensive Review

Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring in Pakistan: A Comprehensive Review

Depletion risks of essential trace metals in a transboundary drain and its surrounding soil using GIS techniques

Integrated Assessment and Geostatistical Evaluation of Groundwater Quality through Water Quality Indices

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