Spatial Distribution of Lichens in Metrosideros excelsa in Northern New Zealand Urban Forests

Abstract

The spatial distribution of corticolous lichens on the iconic New Zealand pōhutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa) tree was investigated from a survey of urban parks and forests across the city of Auckland in the North Island of New Zealand. Lichens were identified from ten randomly selected trees at 20 sampling sites, with 10 sites classified as coastal and another 10 as inland sites. Lichen data were correlated with distance from sea, distance from major roads, distance from native forests, mean tree DBH (diameter at breast height) and the seven-year average of measured NO2 over the area. A total of 33 lichen species were found with coastal sites harboring significantly higher average lichen species per tree as well as higher site species richness. We found mild hotspots in two sites for average lichen species per tree and another two separate sites for species richness, with all hotspots at the coast. A positive correlation between lichen species richness and DBH was found. Sites in coastal locations were more similar to each other in terms of lichen community composition than they were to adjacent inland sites and some species were only found at coastal sites. The average number of lichen species per tree was negatively correlated with distance from the coast, suggesting that the characteristic lichen flora found on pōhutukawa may be reliant on coastal microclimates. There were no correlations with distance from major roads, and a slight positive correlation between NO2 levels and average lichen species per tree.

Habitat Fragmentation and Lichen Diversity in Peri-Urban Woodlands: A Case Study in the Municipality of Potenza (Southern Italy)

“…In agreement with [ 53 , 54 ], we found that the urban ecosystem and peri-urban areas provided a heterogeneous environment, leading to species rich community of macrolichen epiphytes.…”

What we know and do not know about New Zealand’s urban microclimate: A critical review

“…Other research found on Web of Science was out of the scope of this research. Papers focusing on indoor thermal performance [68] or forests and natural environment [69].…”

Distribution characteristics of the free-roaming dog population of the western area of Tongatapu, Kingdom of Tonga: Developing a GIS for biosecurity and animal welfare projects

“…To check cross-correlation among the variables, the SDMToolbox 0.9 (Brown et al 2017) was used, with a Pearson correlation coefficient value of less than or equal to 0.7 set to determine the variables to include in the model (Hannah et al 2019). The variance inflation factor (VIF) of less than 7.5 determined whether multicollinearity existed in the model (Benitez et al 2021;Dormann et al 2013;ESRI 2019;González-Maya et al 2016).…”